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pubwcations of 
The American Academy of Powticai, and Sociai. Science. 

No. 150. 

Issued Fortnightly. July 2, 1895. 



THE STORY 



OF A 



WOMAN'S MUNICIPAL 
CAMPAIGN. 

EDITED BY 

MRS. TALCOTT WILLIAMS. 



A PAPER SUBMITTED TO THE 

AMERICAN ACADEMY OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE^ 

BY THE CIVIC CLUB OF PHILADELPHIA. 



PHILADBIvPHIA : 

AMERICAN ACADEMY OF POI^ITICAI, AND SOCIAI, SCIENCE 



England : P. S. King & Son, 12 and 14 King St., Westminster, I^ondon, S. W. 

France : L. lyarose, rue Soufflot 22, Paris. Germany : Gustav Fischer, Jena. 

Italy : Direzione del Giornale degli Economisti, Rome, via Ripetta 102. 

Price, 50 cents. Annual Subscription, $6.00, 

Copyright, 1895, by the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 




{^sy^^ 



The following papers, which are of particular interest to 



Students of Social Qnestions, 

have been issued by the Academy in its 

Semes of Pablications. 



The Future Problem of Charity and the Unemployed. 

By Rev. Dr. John Graham brooks, Price, 25 cents. 

Relief Work at the IV ells Memorial Institute, 

By Miss Helena S. Dudley, Price, 25 cents. 

Social Work at the Krupp Foundries, 

By dr. S. M. Lindsay, Price, 25 cents. 

Relation of Economic Study to Public and Private Charity. 

By PROF. JAMES MAVOR, Price, 25 cents. 

The French School of Social Science, 

By M. PAUL DE ROUSIERS, Price, 25 cents. 

Public Health and Municipal Government. 

By DR. JOHN S. BILLINGS, Price, 25 cents. 

Relation of Economic Conditions to the Causes of Crime. 

By HON. CARROLL D. WRIGHT, Price, 25 cents. 

The Story of a Woman's Municipal Campaign. 

Edited by A\RS. TALCOTT WILLIAMS, and submitted by 

the Civic Club of Philadelphia, Price, 50 cents. 

Complete List Sent on flpplieation. 



American Academy of Political and Social Science, 
Station B, Philadelphia. 



publications of 
The American Academy of PoIvITicai. and Sociai, Science. 

No. 150. 



The Story 



OF A 



Woman's Municipal Campaign 



By the Civic Club 



FOR 



SCHOOL REFORM 



In the Seventh Ward of 



PHILADELPHIA. /$^V^!1^^5 ^fi; 

JUL 24 

EDITED BY VVib r^ 

MRS. TALCOTT WILLIAMS. 



PHII.ADELPHIA : 
Ambrican Academy of Political and Social Science. 

1895. 



f^ 



V 



1^ 






1/ 



NOTE. 

The early stages of each new form of political activity are always 
difficult of study, and every student has found this as true of the reform 
movement of yesterday, as of the beginnings of a national constitution 
a century old. The growing political activity of women is developing 
both in aim, canvass and organization, and women who come fresh to 
political work see some of the evils of politics with a clearer vision 
than those inured by use to abuse. In the Philadelphia municipal 
election of February, 1895, the Civic Club, a reform organization of 
women, began its work for school reform by endeavoring to secure the 
election of women as Ward School Directors. In the Seventh Ward, 
an active campaign and canvass were made by women for two women 
candidates, Mrs. Sophia Wells Royce Williams and Mrs. Eliza Butler 
Kirkbride. The following pages contain the reports laid before the 
Civic Club on this canvass, and submitted by it to the American Acad- 
emy of Political and Social Science. They describe the personal expe- 
riences of the candidates, the method, means and personnel of organi- 
zation, the character and conditions of ward political life, its vote and 
political organizations, the cause of failure and the path to ultimate 
success. These minute reports of a local ward struggle over a school 
office are printed as a permanent contribution to the political history 
of the day, because the record of one such contest throws light on all. 

331 South i6th St. Tai^cott WiIvI,iams. 



(2) 



PREFACE. 

The attention of students of the body politic on either its 
political or social side is centred for the most part on its 
wider areas and its broader issues. The town, from its his- 
torical importance and its current hopeful political activity, 
has received its full share of attention. The city ward has 
had little. It would be difficult to cite a study of political 
activity in this primary civic unit, giving its conditions, the 
helps and hindrances to healthy political action, the political 
organizations which control it, and the difficulties in the way 
of their reform. 

Yet, exactly as effective political improvement in the coun- 
try at large must begin in the town, and the political health 
of the State is only possible, as the town enjoys a healthy 
political freedom and activity, so civic reform is only possible 
when the ward has been attacked, carried and reformed. If 
those who seek political progress and reform cannot influence 
for better things the ward in which they live and are known, 
how can they hope to influence the city in which they are 
less known ? Reform movements are constantly left in the 
air, polling a vote ridiculously small by comparison with 
the noise they have made, because they have not begun with 
the ward and matured a ward organization before attacking 
the city. Thanks to careful organization in the present can- 
vass, the expected vote was doubled. 

The Civic Club of Philadelphia, was organized January 
I, 1894, and has a membership of five hundred. It has for 
its object, "To promote by education and active co-opera- 
tion a higher public spirit and a better social order. ' ' 

It has had, from its organization, the same president, and 
as secretary, Miss Cornelia Frothingham. It is divided 

(3) 



4 Annai^ of thk American Acadkmy. 

for purposes of action and organization into four depart- 
ments: Municipal, Educational, Social Science, and Art, of 
which Mrs. N. Dubois Miller, Miss Anna Hallowell, Mrs. 
William F. Jenks and Mrs. C. Stuart Patterson, were respec- 
tively chairmen in the winter of 1894-95. I^ the course 
of its general efforts to improve the schools of Philadelphia, 
two of its members were nominated by the regular Municipal 
League and Democratic organizations for school directors in 
the Seventh Ward. Such nominations are usually accepted 
passively by the women who receive them, and who share 
the fate and fortune of the ticket of which they are a part. 
In the present instance, it was determined to make an inde- 
pendent canvass for the election of these two women, without 
any hope of success, but as a public duty, and a step in the 
political education of the members of the club. In the course 
of this canvass, a ward organization by election districts was 
made, one of the most complete, if not the most complete, 
ever effected in Philadelphia by a reform movement, the elec- 
tion district being habitually neglected by reformers. For 
three weeks this organization made an active house to house 
canvass. In all, 13,000 visits were paid, thirty-seven meet- 
ings were held, $422.80 were expended, and 146 women were 
enlisted in the active work of the campaign. 

This canvass met all the difficulties and ended in the fail- 
ure common to such reform movements; but it is by failure 
like this that the seeds of success are sown. In the right 
cause, no such thing as failure exists. In the end, in the last 
high sense, every effort in its behalf is success. 

Throughout this brief, but vigorous, campaign records 
were kept, names registered and reports planned, in order to 
preserve for future use and guidance the experience of this 
effort and organization. At its close, a series of reports were 
prepared, giving all its phases. They are printed in the 
present form as * * original documents ' ' which present to the 
student of political and social action, as nothing else can, 
the work and working of a reform ward canvass. The field 



PrKFACk. 5 

is narrow, the contest humble, the oflBce relative to the 
world's larger prizes insignificant, but it is in fields like 
this, in contests of this character, by the reform of our ward 
schools, that freedom's battle must to-day be fought and won 
or lost through the supine indifference of the refined, the 
educated and the well-to-do. 

Sara Y. Stbvenson, 
237 South 2ist St, President. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PAGE. 



1. Note 2 

2. Preface 3 

3. Table of Contents , 6 

4. Map of Seventh Ward, Philadelpliia, Pa. 

5. Introduction Mary E. Mumford 7 

6. Women on Local School Boards . . Emii^y HAi,i,owEi.iy 9 

7. Report to Civic Club by its Candidates in the Seventh 

Ward: 

I. The Work of Organization, 14 

Sophia Wei.1vS Royce Wii^liams 

II. Personal Aspects of the Canvass 39 

EWZA BUTI^ER KiRKBRIDE 

8. Report on Office Work, Meetings and Speakers 52 

Edith Wetherii<i. 

9. Report of the Civic Club Seventh Ward Emergency 

Campaign Fund Frances Ci,ark 57 

10. Report of Division Work in the Twenty-second and 

Twenty-third Election Divisions, North End of Seventh 
Ward Nina B. Eyre 59 

11. Report of Division Work by the College Settlement in the 

First Election Division, South End of the Seventh 

Ward Katharine Bement Davis 64 

12. Call of Meeting for Organization in the Seventh Ward . . 69 

13. Plan of Campaign by Emergency Committee 71 

Sophia Wei<i.s Royce Wii<liams 

14. Instructions to Chairmen of Division Campaign Com- 

mittees ..... 76 

15. Directions to Division Workers 77 

16. Address to the Women of the Seventh Ward " Neighbors 

and Friends" 78 

17. Mid-Canvass Report of the Emergency Committee, in the 

State of the Campaign and Work for the Last Week 79 

Sophia Wei^i^s Royce Wii^wams 

APPENDIX. 

18. Extract from the Philadelphia Press 81 

19. Appeal to Voters 82 

20. Instructions to Election Officers 83 

21. Campaign Badge 84 

22. List of Division Committees and Chaiamen 85 

23. Sample Ballot, Full Size 

(6) 






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INTRODUCTION. 

The present school system of Philadelphia is a piece of 
patchwork left over from ancient days — and in its fitness for 
creating disorder might almost be called a crazy quilt. It 
comes down to us from the time when the city was an aggre- 
gation of villages, each having its local interests intact, and 
its schools organized under its own special school board. 
These were united under a central body called the Board of 
Control consisting of one delegate from each local organiza- 
tion. 

While the villages had distinctive character, and local 
interests and local pride, the local boards fairly represented 
the citizens of the neighborhood; but as the city wiped out 
the dividing lines, and party politics gained control, and the 
school board became the field of operation for party workers, 
the degeneration in it began, and has continued steadily until 
the present time. 

At first the Central Board was appointed by the local 
boards and shared in their deterioration, but through the 
efforts of Mr. Edward Shippen and others, the appointing 
power was in 1867 transferred to the judges of the courts, 
where it now resides. 

Women have been eligible to all the school boards of 
Pennsylvania since the adoption of the new constitution in 
1874. There are now, in the State at large, about forty 
women serving as school directors. Immediately on the 
passage of the act, a couple of women were elected to the 
school board of the Thirteenth Section in this city. They 
met with much opposition, however, and on the expiration 
of their terms were not re-nominated, and for several years 
the experiment was not repeated. Finally, in the spasm of 
reform which passed over the city in 1881-83, some 

(7) 



8 Annals of the American Academy. 

members of the Committee of One Hundred turned their 
attention to the improvement of the ward school boards, and 
secured the nomination of two women in the Twenty-ninth 
Section. These women stood for the office, on principle, 
because they believed women should share in the control of 
their children's education. They had no idea the movement 
would prove popular, and were most astonished when they 
found they had not only been elected, but had run ahead of 
the regular ticket. The work of the women seemed to com- 
mend itself to the voters of that locality, for two women have 
served continuously on that board for a period of fourteen 
years. The politicians once attempted to leave Dr. Rachel 
Bodley off the ticket, but the people set up an independent 
movement and returned her again in triumph. A woman 
has at times served to fill unexpired terms on the Board of 
the Twenty-fourth Ward. With these exceptions the four 
hundred and fifty-two school directors in the thirty-seven 
districts or wards of the city, are men. 

The school system of Philadelphia needs re-organization 
through and through. Most of the large cities of the United 
States are now wrestling with this problem. New York and 
Brooklyn had bills to this end before the Legislature at 
Albany. Boston made a distinct educational advance in 
putting her school administration more decidedly into the 
hands of experts. Education is a science. Kvery chance 
citizen cannot administer it. 

If Philadelphia can accomplish re-organization through 
legislative action, it is the thing most of all to be desired. 
But if the local boards are to remain for some little time 
longer, it is our manifest duty to place upon them women of 
fine intelligence and earnestness, such as we have recently 
offered to the Seventh Ward. It is the only remedial agency, 
through which we can hope to put life into the old sectional 
board system, now tottering to its grave, having outlived 
its usefulness and the love of the people who created it. 

1401 North 17th St. Mary K. Mumford. 



WOMEN ON LOCAI. SCHOOI. BOARDS. 

The revised Constitution of Pennsylvania, adopted by the 
vote of the people, December i6, 1873, and proclaimed by 
Governor John F. Hartranft, January 7, 1874, in Article X, 
Section 3, reads, "Women twenty-one years of age and 
upwards shall be eligible to any office of control or manage- 
ment under the school laws of this State." 

Since the adoption of this clause in our constitution, five 
wards of the city of Philadelphia have claimed the privilege 
of having women on their local school boards. 

To Mrs. Harriet W. Paist and Mrs. Letitia P. Woelpper, 
of the Thirteenth Ward, we owe a debt of gratitude for 
being the first women to allow their names to be placed on 
an electoral ticket. Upon Mrs. Paist fell the pioneer and 
difficult work of securing the election, for such it was, 
although the right was clearly defined in the new code of 
laws of our State. 

The aphorism, ''History repeats itself," was most forcibly 
demonstrated in this local campaign of 1874. Mrs. Paist 
did ^^/ seek the office of school director. She was called 
upon by members of the Republican Executive Committee 
of the Thirteenth Ward and asked if she would accept 
the nomination. I have not discovered what prompted 
or inspired them to commit this radical and unprecedented 
act, perhaps, however, a temporary hallucination, as facts 
later may induce us to believe. Mrs. Paist accepted the 
offer in all good faith. It did not take long, however, 
for the hallucination to pass, for as if awakening from a 
dream, the committee, realizing what they had done, began 
at once to try and untie the knot which they had made. It 
was no use; the harder they tried, the tighter it became. 
We are appalled at the means to which they resorted ! First, 

(9) 



lo Annai^ of the American Academy. 

under the guise of friendship, each candidate was visited 
separately. Mrs. Woelpper was told that Mrs. Paist had 
resigned, and that it would not be pleasant for her, Mrs. 
Woelpper, to serve on the board alone. Mrs., Paist was told 
the same concerning Mrs. Woelpper. The next effort was 
one of policy. Fearing that the election of a councilman 
would be jeopardized if the names of the women were not 
withdrawn, the committee persistently urged their retiring, 
but wdthout success, concerning which action Mrs. Paist 
forcibly remarked, * ' I did not know before, that we women 
held the balance of power." Finally, at a meeting of the 
Republican Executive Committee a forged letter was read, 
purporting to come from Mrs. Paist, offering her resignation. 
Through the watchfulness and protection of Mr. F. Theodore 
Walton, a member of the committee, who faithfully stood by 
the candidate during this trying period, Mrs. Paist was 
informed of what was to take place and was ready with a 
reply, which was read by Mr. Walton at the meeting, imme- 
diately after the reading of the forged letter, declaring the 
latter to be a forgery, and that she had no intention of 
resigning. 

Here was a refined and honest woman, asked, in good 
faith, to take an office of trust and honor in our city govern- 
ment, heaped with abuse and dishonor by those who should 
have been proud to be her associates in the work of 
education. 

There are always two sides, the serious and the humorous 
— she was the victim of forgery, accused of being a Quaker, 
of beating her husband, and of spelling chairman without an 
i, surely she must show herself to the public in order to vin- 
dicate her true character. Encouraged and strengthened by 
her husband and by her firm friend Mr. Walton, a mass 
meeting was held in her behalf in Maennerchor Hall, Fair- 
mount Avenue. This was in every sense a mass meeting, for 
the house was packed from pit to dome and at the entrance 
of the candidate the band burst forth with ' ' Hail to the 



Wome;n on lyOCAi, Schooi. Boards. ii 

Chief ! ' ' Mr. Walton presided and the audience listened 
to the following concise address made by Mrs. Paist: 

Mr. President^ Ladies and Gentlemen — ' * ' Hear me for my 
cause and be silent that you may hear: believe me for mine 
honor and have respect unto mine honor that you may 
believe. ' 

* ' I appear before you this evening as one of the regular 
Republican candidates for school director and hold in my 
hand a certificate of election signed by Charles M. Carpenter, 
president; James M. Stewart and David T. Smith, clerks. 
If after this right guaranteed to us under the new constitu- 
tion it is to be thus wrested from us by a few designing poli- 
ticians who have luxuriated at the public crib, I ask you 
where is all our boasted freedom, freedom of thought and 
action ? 

* * I have been taught to believe that after being regularly 
nominated and receiving the majority of votes at the primary 
election, the matter was fixed until it came before the people 
for their decision at the regular election. This meeting 
has not been called in the interest of politics but to defend 
the cause of justice, truth and right and expose the corrup- 
tion that now exists in the Republican party, the party I 
have been so proud to call my own, although Alderman 
Carpenter was pleased to say I had no party because I was 
not a voter; this you will perceive is good, sound logic, coming 
as it did from such a very worthy exponent of the law, but 
in the language of United States Senator Carpenter this is 
in the immediate future, and this course of proceeding will 
only hasten the day. Desperate are these politicians in their 
death throes, for doomed they are to political death and 
destruction. * Those whom the gods would destroy they 
first make mad. ' Having emancipated ourselves so recently 
from the thralldom of African slavery, shall we now bow our 
heads and tamely submit to this political yoke being welded 
around our necks, or shall we rise in our might and shake 
it off? 



12 Annai^s of thb American Academy. 

" Peter I^ane, Jr., not satisfied with being one of the main 
actors in the plot to defeat my election that has been so fully- 
exposed through the public prints, has resorted to slurring 
my name. ' Who steals my purse, steals trash ; 'tis some- 
thing, nothing : 'twas mine, 'tis his, and has been slave to 
thousands ; but he that filches from me my good name, robs 
me of that which not enriches him and makes me poor in- 
deed.' What have I done to merit such treatment ? I have 
neither forged a letter, been guilty of bribery nor placing in 
my pocket moneys that should have gone into the city or 
State treasury. 

"And now, in conclusion, I leave it with the voters of the 
Thirteenth Ward to say if this outrage shall go unrebuked 
at the polls on February 17, 1874." 

On February 17, 1874, a large vote was polled which 
elected the women candidates. The death,of Mrs. Woelpper, 
who was a great invalid during the campaign, occurred 
before the expiration of the year. Her place was filled by 
Mr. Thomas Steel, who died within a month. Mrs. Paist 
then endeavored to have the vacancy filled bj^ the election 
of Mrs. Emilie B. Coates, but was defeated, Mrs. Paist hav- 
ing the support of only one of her associates, that of Mr. 
John C. Yeager. 

Her experience while serving on the board w^as varied. 
The first two years of her term were unpleasant and trying. 
She was evidently in a place where she was not wanted, and 
a disposition to crowd her out w^as very apparent. Trades- 
men tried to make it an object to her to use her influence in 
their favor, and one father offered her one hundred dollars 
if she would vote for his daughter as teacher. When vshe 
mentioned this, later, in a meeting, much indignation was 
expressed, and the remark made, that such a thing was 
never heard of until a woman came upon the board. ' ' Cer- 
tainly not," was Mrs. Paist's reply, " if I had taken the 
bribe I should not have reported it ! " Her last year was 
more agreeable in every way ; old members wxnt out, and 



Women on I^ocai, Schooi. Boards. 13 

new ones were elected, who, if they were not in sympathy 
with the intruder, were certainly more courteous. 

At the close of the term of three years, Mrs. Paist was 
renominated, but failed to secure the election. 

To give a detailed account of the experiences of the re- 
maining eight women who have been elected to serve on 
local boards would take too much space. I will, therefore, 
merely add their names, including those of Mrs. Paist and 
Mrs. Woelpper, with their respective wards: 

Mrs. Harriet W. Paist,* Thirteenth Ward, 1874, 1875, 1876. 
Mrs. Letitia P. Woelpper.f Thirteenth Ward, part of 1874. 
Dr. Rachel L. Bodley,t Twenty-ninth Ward, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1887, 

part of 1888. 
Mrs. Mary E. Mumford,| Twenty-ninth Ward, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 

1886, 1887, 1888, part of 1889. 

Miss Kmily Sartain,|| Twenty -ninth Ward (August 3) i888, 1889, 1890, 

1891, 1892, until September. 
Dr. Annie B. Hall, Twenty-ninth Ward (September 30) 1892, 1893,, 

1894, 1895. 
Mrs. Lucretia M. B. Mitchell, Twenty-fourth Ward, 1883, 1884, 1885. 
Miss H. Kate Murdock, Twenty-fourth Ward, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 

1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, until March, 1893. 

Mrs. Sophia Wells Royce Williams,** Eighth Ward, 1891, 1892. 
Miss Anna Longstreth, Fifteenth Ward, 1895. 

po8 Clinton St. Kmii,Y Hai,I.OWKI.I.. 

♦ Previous to June, 1891, members of the local school board were elected in 
February, but their term of service did not commence until the following Jan- 
uary. By Act of Assembly in June, 1891, members elected to local school boards 
in February take their seats in April of the same year. 

t Mrs. Woelpper died in a few months. 

X Dr. Bodley died in 1888. 

g Mrs. Mumford was appointed on Board of :Educatiou in 1889* 

I Miss Sartain resigned September, 1892. 

** Mrs. Williams removed from the ward, March, 1892, 



REPORT TO THE CIVIC CLUB ON WORK OF CAM- 
PAIGN ORGANIZATION IN THE SEVENTH 
WARD OF PHILADELPHIA. 

From January 4, to February 19, 1895. 

The Committee for " Placing Women on School Boards," 
of the Department of Education of the Civic Club, deter- 
mined, on January 4, to send to the two political parties and 
to the Municipal League, the names of the sixteen women 
residing in ten wards, who had expressed themselves as 
willing to serve on the school boards, if elected. 

In accordance with this determination, the President of 
the Civic Club addressed the following circular to the Repub- 
lican and Democratic leaders, as well as to the secretaries of 
the Municipal League in these ten wards, knd to two promi- 
nent men in each of these ten wards, publishing it simulta- 
neously in the leading newspapers of the city : 

Women for Schooi, Directors. 

It is the conviction of the Civic Club of Philadelphia, that the 
interests of children in our public schools would be subserved if a larger 
number of capable women were placed upon the Sectional School 
Boards, We therefore petition your body to place such women in 
nomination upon the regular school ticket ; and for your own conve- 
nience append the names of some women of undoubted ability who 
have kindly consented to serve if elected by the people : 

The names are as follows : 

Fifth Ward — Miss Bthel Cushing. 

Seventh Ward — Mrs. WiiyiviA.M P. Smith, Mrs. Wii,i<ia.m F. Jenks, 
Mrs. TaIvCOTT WiIvWAms, Mrs. Thomas Kirkbride, Miss B. L. 
lyOWRY and Miss E. Josephine Brazier. 

Fourteenth Ward — Mrs. James H. Windrim. 

Fifteenth Ward — Miss Anna Longstreth. 

Twentieth Ward — Mrs. S. G. MacFari^and. 

Twenty -second Ward — Mrs. Martha B. Eari^e and Mrs. PasCHAIi 

COGGINS. 

Twenty-fourth Ward — Mrs. Chari^oTTE L. PieRCE. 
Twenty-fifth Ward — Miss Edith Wetherii,!,. 

(14) 



Work of Campaign Organization. 15 

Twenty-seventh Ward — Mrs. John Scribner. 

Twenty -ninth Ward— Dr. Frances Emii^y White and Mrs. J. G. 
lyEIPER. 

The only ward in which the regular Republican organiza- 
tion acted on this address was the Fifteenth, in which Miss 
Anna I^ongstreth was nominated, receiving on election day 
6014 votes, the next highest vote for school director on the 
Republican ticket being 5767. 

The only wards in which the Municipal lycague acted on 
this address were the Seventh, in which they nominated 
Mrs. Sophia W. R. Williams and Mrs. Eliza B. Kirkbride. 
Twenty-fourth Ward — Mrs. Charlotte L. Pierce; Twenty- 
ninth Ward — Mrs. J. G. lyciper — none of whom were 
elected. 

In the following wards women were nominated for school 
directors by the Prohibition party, but none were elected: 

Eighth Ward — Ada F. Morgan. 
Tenth Ward— Catharine N. C1.EGG. 
Fourteenth Ward — Hei^EN B. Bird. 

Eighteenth Ward— Mary WEST, Amanda Rambo Abei<i#. 
Nineteenth Ward — Amy M. P, Moore. 
Twentieth Ward— Susan B. McFarland. 
Twenty-fourth Ward— E1.1.A B. LuTTOn. 
Twenty-seventh Ward — Mary J. W11.SON. 
Twenty-eighth Ward — Fr^ORENCE h. Conrad, Anna K. Way. 
Thirtieth Ward — Mary J. Thornton, Addie H. Johnson. 
Thirty-second Ward — A, K1.IZABETH Thomas, Hannah H. Hatton 
and Caroi,ine M. Dodson. 

Karly in January a meeting of the Municipal League of 
the Seventh Ward was called by the secretary, under the 
rules, open to every one who believed in the principle of 
separating city from State politics. This meeting was held at 
O'Neill's Hall and elected a Ward Committee of ten mem- 
bers at large, to which were to be added, under the rules of 
the Municipal League, one delegate from each of the five 
divisions then organized. 

This committee of fifteen, nominated a ticket for council- 
men and school directors, after which a ratification meeting 



1 6 AnnaIvS of thk American Academy. 

was held at O'Neill's Hall. Later, pursuant to the Election 
Act, nomination papers were filed with the County Com- 
missioners, signed by not less than two per cent of the vote 
cast for the candidate who received the largest vote for the 
same office at the last preceding election. 
The school directors' ticket was as follows : 

Mrs. Sophia W. R. Wii^wams, 

Mrs. EWZA B. KiRKBRIDE. 

For future ward nominations, the Municipal I<eague of the 
Seventh Ward will only be required to file a certificate of 
nomination at the County Commissioners' office, signed by 
the chairman and secretary. 

The Democratic ward nominating conventions met in all 
of the wards, on the evening of January 15. The conven- 
tion in the Seventh Ward endorsed the three Municipal 
League candidates for school directors. The Republican 
ward convention, when it met, renominated Dr. B. Clarence 
Howard and Mr. S. K. Shedaker, already members of the 
school board; and nominated Mr. Louis K. Ksrey. 

A circular was sent out by the chairman and secretary of 
the Joint Committee of the Educational and Municipal De- 
partments of the Civic Club, calling together, on January 29, 
a joint meeting of these two departments, with a view to 
determine three questions: 

( i) Whether the members of the Civic Club in the Seventh 
Ward, and other women who could be associated with them, 
were willing to undertake the arduous work of a personal 
canvass of the ward. 

(2) If they were willing to undertake such a canvass, 
would it have any effect on the voters ? 

(3) Would such a canvass arouse in the ward as a whole, 
both men and women, a sense of responsibility for better 
schools which would bear fruit in the future ? 

While the two candidates of the Civic Club were nomi- 
nated by a reform organization and endorsed by a political 



Work of Campaign Organization. 17 

organization running full ward tickets, the club did not in- 
tend to extend its action beyond an effort to reform the 
schools by the election of women. This made it necessary 
to confine its canvass to the two women whom it had 
nominated. (See circular, ''Women on School Boards," 
appended to this report. ) 

In order to make perfectly clear what was done, I will 
describe the ward as a whole. The Seventh Ward has for 
its northern boundary the south side of Spruce Street, for its 
southern boundary the north side of South Street, and for its 
eastern boundary the west side of Seventh Street, while its 
western boundary is the Schuylkill River. It has an area of 
281 acres, or a little short of one-half a square mile. It 
contains, according to the United States census for 1890, 
4750 houses. This area had in 1890, a population of 30, 179, 
making it of about the average density for the city. As 
the inhabitants of the ward in 1880 were 31,080, the popula- 
tion has been practically stationary for fifteen years. The 
population in 1890 was one-third colored or 9002 all native. 
This leaves a white population of 21,177. Of this, one- 
third were foreigners or 6963, of whom 1000 were probably 
Russians and Poles. Of the remaining white population, 
born in this country, or 14,214 persons, one-half or 7324 were 
born of foreign parents. In other words, one-third the ward 
was colored and of the remaining two-thirds, one-third was 
of foreign birth, one-third was of foreign parentage and one- 
third was American. In the entire ward, a little short of 
one-fourth is of American white parentage. The ward, 
though in the centre of the city, has 4750 houses for its 5722 
families, and 4083 families have each a separate house. This 
disposes of 20,400 of the population. Of the remaining 
10,000, 5000 or 1002 families live in houses with two families 
each and only 639 live in houses with three or more families 
in a dwelling. In the entire ward there are only seventeen 
houses with six or more families apiece. House to house vis- 
iting in such a ward is practically visiting separate dwellings^ 



i8 Annai^ of the American Academy. 

The school population in 1890, from five to twenty years 
of age was 8207; 5306 white and 2 151 colored, born here, 
and 750 born abroad. There are about 5000 children from 
five to thirteen years of age inclusive, one-fourth colored. 
The ward has (see City School Report) , thirteen schools and 
four kindergartens with sixty women and three men teachers, 
occupying five school buildings and two rented rooms. The 
schools in two of the buildings have been reorganized under 
supervising principals, making practically one school. 
There are also employed five housekeepers, all of whom 
are men. 

With 5000 children who ought to be somewhere at school, 
the public schools held in 1880 an average attendance of 2561 
and on December 31, 1894, 2490, a decrease of 71. In 1880, 
the enrollment was 2950 scholars; in 1894, 2442, a loss of 
508 scholars. The children in the ward were no fewer. 
Apparently 1000 children in the ward do not go to public 
or private schools at all, and the number of such children 
has increased in the last fifteen years. 

There were, I may add, in 1890, seventeen churches in 
the ward, assessed at $663,000, and fourteen charitable 
institutions, assessed at $715,000, so that as far as this ward 
is concerned, there are over a million and a quarter dollars 
devoted to religious and charitable work, general in char- 
acter, but having a special responsibility to the ward. The 
valuation of the ward in 1893 was $22,000,000, about five 
per cent of the whole being devoted to charitable and 
religious objects, without including the schools; including 
the schools, I suppose it would amount to almost seven per 
cent. 

The ward has along its eastern edge, a district composed 
largely of Italians and Russians, recently arrived in this 
country and Hying under unfavorable conditions. Along its 
western edge on the Schuylkill River, there is a district 
which has all that a semi-commercial river bank in a large 
-city displays. Its larger and more valuable residences are 



Work of Campaign Organization. 19 

along its northern boundary, and its southern boundary is 
devoted to small retail shops, supplying a large population of 
small householders. 

The vote in the Seventh Ward for ten years (i 884-1 894) 



is as follow/ 


vs: 






YEAR. 


REPUBLICAN. 


DEMOCRAT. 


OFFICE. 


1884 . . 


4222 


1762 


President. 


1885 . . 


• 3097 


168I 


State Treasurer. 


1886. . 


. 3636 


1446 


Governor. 


1887 . .. . 


. 3460 


1568 


State Treasurer. 


1888 . . 


• 4590 


I9I4 


President. 


1889 . . 


• 3634 


1096 


District Attorney. 


1890 . . . 


. 4373 


I5OI 


Governor. 


I89I . . 


. 4003 


I33I 


County Treasurer. 


1892 . . 


. 4003 


136 1 


President. 


1893. . 


. . 3399 


938 


Judge of Supreme Court, 


1894 . . 


. 4968 


921 


Governor. 



The Republican majority in the ward is overwhelming, 
over five to one. An examination of the vote, as given 
above for a number of years, shows that the Democratic 
vote had fallen from 1762 to 921 in ten years; while the Re- 
publican vote during that time had advanced from 4222 to 
4968. 

The ward is divided into twenty-six election divisions. 
Each of these divisions is in the care of two Republican 
division workers who are responsible for the vote in their 
division; they are known as division bosses, and to them 
the money raised for use on election day, is given for 
distribution. In order to make perfectly clear the forces with 
which a canvass like ours has to contend, I have compiled 
a list of these fifty-two division workers, known as the 
Seventh Ward Union Republican Executive Committee, with 
the positions which they hold. 

Officers and Members oe the Seventh Ward Union Repub- 
WCAN KxEcuTivE Committee. 

OEEICERS. 
President, li'rank S. Harrison. 
Vice-Presidents, James A. Russell, John Bishop, Stephen Frisby. 



20 Annai^ of thk American Academy. 

Recording Secretary, Wm. S. Smith. 

Financial Secretary, Nathan Anderson. (Not in City Directory), 

Treasurer, John C. Sheahan. 

Member of City Committee, Israel W. Durham. 

MEMBERS. 
Division. 

1 Joshua Evans, 706 Lombard Street. Billiards. 
George Hazzard, 720 Lombard Street. Billiards. 

2 Nathan Anderson, 705 Minster Street. (Not in City Directory.) 

Laborer. 
Harry A. Scott, 729 Lombard Street. Liquor Dealer. 

3 John C. Sheahan, 502 S. Ninth Street. Lawyer, City Collector's 

Office. 
Stephen Frisby, 932 Rodman Street. Watchman (not city). 

4 James M. Waters, 1037 Barley Street. Employed at Public Build- 

ings. 
Jacob Foreman, 1008 Barley Street. Employed at Public Build- 
ings. 

5 William P. Allmond, 1028 Lombard Street. Undertaker. 
Edward M. Gray, 1023 Rodman Street. Driver. 

6 George B. Lewis, 1135 Ohio Street. Shoes. Lamp lighter. 
John F. Macken, 406 Quince Street. Clerk, Office Recorder 

of Deeds. 

7 James A. Russell, 12 14 Lombard Street. Clerk, Office Receiver 

of Taxes. 
Alfred Bettencourt, 1 132 Lombard Street. Restaurant. 

8 John Hunter, 410 S. Twelfth Street. Bricklayer. Gas Works. 
Samuel Jackson, 1213 Pine Street. Waiter. 

9 B. F. Houseman, 403 S. Thirteenth Street. Bill Poster. Sheriiff's 

Office. 
Frank Purnell, 13 11 Ralston Street. Janitor, Surveyor's Office. 

10 Edward C. Baxter, 519 S. Juniper Street. Sexton. Messenger, Har- 

risburg. 
Thomas Orr, 1328 Pine Street. Clerk, Water Department. 

11 Samuel F. Houseman, 424 S. Broad Street. Select Councils. 
Daniel DeVinney, 1421 Lombard Street, Park Guard. 

12 Clarence Meeser, 1531 South Street. (Not in City Directory.) Gas 

Works. 
Levi Oberton, 1534 Carver Street. Janitor, Office Receiver of 
Taxes. 



Work of Campaign Organization. 21 

Division. 

13 William C. Loane, 532 S. Sixteenth Street. Segars. Water Depart- 

ment. 
Noble Harris, 1631 lyombard Street. Segars. 

14 Frank S. Harrison, 421 S. Sixteenth Street. Magistrate. 
James Saunders, 1529 Pine Street. Waiter. 

15 William Milligan, 1712 Burton Street. Foreman, Fire Department. 
John Philips, 1740 Lombard Street. Segars. 

16 James F. Robinson, 1927 Wilcox Street. Bookkeeper. 

Edward Hanna, 329 S. Twentieth Street. Janitor, School House. 

17 Israel Whitaker, 513 S. Nineteenth Street. Watchman, Walnut 

Street Bridge. 
William Hushwood, 1812 Naudain Street. Foreman, Fire De- 
partment. 

18 William S. Smith, 1937 Watt Street. Clerk, Office Receiver of 

Taxes. 
David Frame, 1919 Naudain Street. Fireman. 

19 Robert Hastings, 2021 Hampton Street. Clerk, City Treasurer's 

Office. 
William H. Patterson, 514 S. Twentieth Street. Sorter, Post 
Office. 

20 Charles B. Hall, 2010 Pine Street. Sergeant-at-Arms, Common 

Council. 
John T. McConnell, 2012 Pine Street. (Not in City Directory.) 
Carpenter. 

21 Charles H. Bennett, rear 429 South Albion Street. Ornamental 

Iron Worker. 
Edward Harley, 2136 Naudain Street. Fire Department. 

22 David Winslow, 2209 Naudain Street. Water Department. 
George McKain, 2214 Naudain Street. Laborer, Gas Works. 

23 William Larkey, 2419 Kent Street. Laborer, Gas Works. 
Patrick Morrissey, 2505 Pine Street. Laborer. 

24 James Markey, 2405 Ashburton Street. U. S. Arsenal. 
Alexander Wray, 2701 Lombard Street. (Not in City Directory.) 

Foreman in coal yard. 

25 W. J. Barton, 518 Barnwell Street. Captain, Almshouse. 
James McShane, 2608 Lombard Street. (Not in City Directory.) 

Employed at Almshouse. 

26 William A. Mason, 1636 Pine Street. Clerk, Post Office. 

John Bishop, 1639 Helmuth Street. Watchman, Public Buildings. 



22 



Annai^ of th:^ American Academy. 



The above list shows that 
chine has in the ward: 

I Select Councilman. 

1 Sergeant-at-Arms, Common 

Councils. 
4 Employes, City Fire Depart- 
ment, 2 being foremen. 

3 Employes of the Public Build- 

ings. 

4 Employes of the City Gas 

Works. 

3 Employes of the City Water 
Department. 

3 Employes of the Office of Re- 
ceiver of Taxes. 

2 Employes of the Post-Office 

Department. 
I Employe of the City Collector's 
Office. 

There are besides: 

2 Segar Dealers. 

2 Billiard Saloon Keepers. 

I Watchman. 

I Undertaker. 

1 Driver. 

2 Restaurant Keepers. 
I Moulder. 



the Republican working ma- 

I Employe, Office of Recorder of 

Deeds. 
I Employe, Sheriff 's Office. 

1 Employe, U. S. Arsenal. 

2 Employes, Almshouse. 
I Clerk of the City Treasurer's 

Office. 
I Watchman on Walnut Street 

Bridge. 
I Janitor of a school building. 
I Janitor of the Survey Office. 
I Park Guard. 
I Magistrate. 
I Lamplighter, 
I Messenger at Harrisburg. 

35 in all, who are employed in city 
and Federal offices. 



2 Waiters. 

I Bookkeeper. 

1 Carpenter. 

2 Laborers. 
I Foreman. 

17 in all. 

Who, together with the thirty-five above named, as em- 
ployed in city offices, constitute the power which controls the 
schools by nominating yearly the School Directors through 
their conventions. Five of these names do not appear in 
the city directory. 

The Democratic machine is of precisely the same character. 



Members of the Seventh Ward Democratic Executive 

Committee. 



Division. 

1 Morris Hart, 707 South Street. Clerk. 

2 Frank S. Fagan, 400 South Eighth Street. 

Ice Co. 



Clerk, Knickerbocker 



Work of Campaign Organization. 23 

Division. 

3 James J. Devlin, 926 Pine Street. Cabinet Maker. 

4 George P. Betton, 1017 Pine Street. Internal Revenue Depart- 

ment. 

5 Henry Friend, 102 1 South Street. Shoe Dealer. 

6 Robert F. Simpson, 1 104 Pine Street. "Gent." 

7 Martin C. Kamp, 1237 South Street. Tinsmith. 

8 James S. Holmes, 421 Dean Street. Janitor, Post Office. 

9 Robert J. Owen, 1327 Pine Street. Clerk. 

10 John Slevin, 504 South Thirteenth Street. Magistrate. 

11 John H. Gaiton, 419 Wetherill Street. Salesman. 

12 William Getty, 1509 South Street. (Not in Directory.) "Gent." 

13 Dennis Boyle, 425 South Seventeenth Street. Blacksmith. 

14 Michael Lydon, rear 315 Dugan Street. Expressman. 

15 John McGettigan, 1715 South Street. Watchman, Surveyor's 

Office. 

16 James V. Duffy, 322 South Nineteenth Street. (Not in Directory.) 

Dancing Master. 

17 George P. Bickerton, 1834 Lombard Street. Plasterer. 

18 Frank J. Pryor, Jr., 1919 Ivombard Street. Clerk, U. S. Revenue 

Office. 

19 John Bryson, 426 South Twentieth Street. U. S. Arsenal. 

20 James Duffy, 405 South Twenty -first Street. Polisher. 

21 Hugh J. O'Donnell, 420 South Twenty-first Street. Employed in 

Mint. 

22 Thomas McBride, Jr., 2312 Ivombard Street. Clerk. 

23 Frank Quirk, 2535 Pine Street. Driver. 

24 Patrick Morris, 2413 Ashburton Street. Driver. 

25 Bernard J. Matthews, 512 South Twenty -fourth Street. Watchman. 

26 Lawrence T. Lynch, 323 Bradford Street. Tailor. 

The above list of names shows that the Democratic work- 
ing machine has in the ward: 

I Magistrate. 

I Employe, Internal Revenue Department. 

I Employe, U. S. Arsenal. 

I Employe, U. S. Mint. 

I Janitor, Post Office. 

I Watchman, Surveyor's Office. 

I Clerk, U. S. Revenue Office. 

7 in all, who are employed in city and Federal offices. 



24 Annals of the American Academy. 

There are besides : 

1 Cabinet Maker. i Plasterer. 

2 '* Gents." I Polisher. 
I Shoe Dealer. 2 Drivers. 

I Tinsmith. i Watchman. 

I Salesman. i Tailor. 

I Blacksmith. I Dancing Master. 

I Expressman. — 

4 Clerks. 19 in all, 

Who, together with the seven above named, constitute the 
Democratic machine of twenty-six members, two of whom 
are not in the city directory. 

If any of these politicians fail to keep up the regular 
Republican or Democratic vote in their divisions, they will 
at once lose their places. I cannot give their salaries and 
receipts in detail, but I have no doubt they aggregate in all 
forms for the taxpayers of this city, fifty thousand dollars 
annually. This is practically a corruption fund which is 
used to elect, among other officers, the School Directors, 
many of whom mismanage the schools of the ward, of which 
we have strong evidence. 

In this past election we were practically beaten by the 
school board itself, whose members got together and said 
they would not allow a woman on the board, and directed 
their campaign work accordingly, with what success we 
already know. The teachers in the schools of the ward 
also objected to women on school boards. They therefore 
exerted all the influence possible b}^ circulating the following 
petition among the parents, signed by fifty-four of the sixty- 
three teachers in the ward, requesting the citizens to vote for 
two of the candidates on the Republican ticket. There were 
four candidates to be elected, each voter being only allowed 
to vote for three. I leave you to draw your own conclusions. 

Petition of Pubi^ic Schooi, Teachers of Seventh Ward. 

"We, the undersigned teachers of the Public Schools of the Seventh 
Section, thoroughly impressed with the ability, integrity and zeal of 
Mr. S. K. Shedaker and Dr. E. Clarence Howard as school directors, 



Work of Campaign Organization. 25 

and their high moral standing as men, and believing that the best 
interests of the schools of the section will be subserved by their reten- 
tion in office, most earnestly and respectfully petition the honorable 
citizens of the Seventh Ward, irrespective of creed or party, to cast, at 
the coming election, their votes in favor of these gentlemen, who have 
been tried and not found wanting. 

In the face of this machine, the Civic Club set out to 
persuade the voters of the ward to cast their ballots for their 
two candidates. 

Having described the manner of nomination, the ward 
with its conditions and requirements, and that part of the 
Republican machine which, we had to fight, I will now ex- 
plain the manner in which the work was done. 

At the meeting of the Municipal Department on January 
21, the chair appointed a committee to confer with the com- 
mittee of the Educational Department, named on January 
19, with Mrs. Mary B. Mumford as chairman, and Miss 
Edith Wether ill as secretary. These committees were to 
meet at Mrs. Kirkbride's on January 22, to determine the 
best method for securing the election of the two candidates 
of the Civic Club, for the school board of the Seventh Ward. 
The committee was given power to act. 

This committee met, and after discussing various plans 
appointed a special campaign committee, consisting of seven 
women : Mrs. Thomas S. Kirkbride, Mrs. N. Dubois 
Miller, Mrs. Lewis J. Parks, Mrs. Talcott Williams (chair- 
man), Miss Edith Wetherill (secretary) and Miss E. K. 
Carlile (assistant secretary), to which was afterward added 
Miss Mary Channing Wister, in whose favor Mrs. Williams 
resigned the chairmanship. To Miss Wister's untiring 
efforts, confined to her room, as she was, the greater part 
of the time, is due a large share of whatever success the 
work had. 

This committee met on the morning of January 23, and 
prepared the circular before alluded to, calling the joint 
meeting of the two departments on the twenty-ninth, together 
with all the Civic Club members residing in the ward, 



26 Annai^ of thk American Academy. 

and ottier women who would be willing to work for the 
cause. It apportioned the ninety-four members of the Civic 
Club residing in fifteen divisions of the Seventh Ward, to 
the twent3^-six divisions of the ward, appointing a chairman 
for each division, and giving these chairmen power to call 
to their committees outside women up to the number of ten 
workers for each division. Finding it impossible to obtain 
Civic Club chairmen for more than eighteen divisions, six 
women from outside the club were persuaded to take charge 
of six divisions, several of whom have since become mem- 
bers of the club. 

In two divisions, the fifth and the twelfth, there were no 
chairmen, the larger part of the work in the fifth having 
been admirably done by a paid worker, and that in the 
twelfth, by several women whose names will be found in the 
appended list of division workers. On January 29, the 
departments again came together to hear the plan of work 
briefly sketched, and to receive instructions. (The plan in 
detail is appended to this report.) 

Assessors' lists, containing the names of all the voters in 
the ward, had been obtained from the County Commissioners' 
ofiice at the City Hall. These had been cut up and pasted 
into twenty- six division books by Miss Carlile and her as- 
sistants and were then given to the chairman of each division, 
with instructions to note carefully against each name all 
information obtained. In each of these books a careful entry 
had been made on information obtained from the Charity 
Organization Society, as to houses which it was not deemed 
wise or prudent to visit for reasons which need not be en- 
larged upon. Duplicate lists were also furnished to each 
chairman to be cut up and distributed among the division 
workers. Printed instructions for the work were given to 
each chairman; also printed circulars entitled '' Neighbors 
and Friends," with instructions to leave them at each house 
which was visited, pinning them up when allowed, in some 
prominent place in the room. 



Work of Campaign Organization. 27 

The division committees at once set to work with their 
house to house canvass. A series of parlor meetings on 
Spruce and Pine streets, including the adjacent cross streets, 
having been decided upon, also meetings in halls and 
churches, a program committee was appointed consisting of 

Miss Florence Kane, Chestnut Hill ; 

Miss Caroline Lewis, 250 S. Sixteenth Street ; 

Mrs. J. Willis Martin, 1709 Walnut Street ; 

Miss Ada Miles, 258 S. Eighteenth Street ; 

Miss Matilda H. Morris, 137 N. Twentieth Street ; 

Miss Edith Wetherill, Chalkley Hall ; 

with Miss Mary Channing Wister as chairman, to arrange 
for meeting places and to obtain speakers. To facilitate the 
work of the meetings the twenty-six divisions were arranged 
in six groups, known respectively as groups A, B, C, D, E 
and F, hall meetings being held by these division groups. 
Of this work, the sixteen parlor meetings, the ten meetings 
held in halls, and the eight meetings held in churches, the 
three mothers' meetings and sewing circles addressed, Mrs. 
Kirkbride and Miss Wetherill will report. 

These meetings, as with all political meetings, served the 
two purposes of informing the audience and showing for 
what manner of persons votes were asked. It was of price- 
less value at this stage of the work that Mrs. Kirkbride, one 
of the candidates, was able to speak impressively, effectively 
and eloquently, and to her speeches as well as to her happy 
way of receiving the many people who came to her, was due 
the favorable impression which the canvass made in the ward. 

L^etters were also sent to the clergymen of all the churches 
in the ward, asking them to give out from their pulpits the 
notices of meetings as sent to them. The clergymen of sev- 
eral of the colored churches, made ' * Neighbors and Friends ' ' 
.the text of their sermons on the two intervening Sundays. 

All circulars and notices of meetings were always sent to 
the Seventh Ward Charity Organization headquarters where 
Miss Burk and her assistants did most efficient work. 



2S Annals of thk American Academy. 

The campaign committee met every morning at Mrs. Kirk- 
bride's, some of them being in attendance from ten to twelve 
o'clock, to give information and distribute the literature to 
the workers. 

A second circular was issued entitled: *' Unhealthy School 
Houses," being a reprint from an article published in the 
Philadelphia Press. Most of the workers made a second 
visit to distribute these, as well as the notices of meetings to 
be held in their groups of divisions. 

To Miss Cornelia Frothingham's tireless work, early and 
late, reading of proof at all hours, watching the printing of 
circulars and notices, was due the promptness with which 
they were always ready when needed, an indispensable mat- 
ter in the rapid work of a canvass. 

On February 12, the Educational and Municipal Depart- 
ments of the club again met the chairmen of division workers. 
Reports of the progress of the work were heard from twenty- 
one of the twenty-six divisions. Five hundred badges, 
presented by Mrs. J. Willis Martin, reading: ''Women 
Want Women on School Boards to Care for Their Children,'* 
were given to the chairmen for distribution, also the specimen 
ballots, on the larger share of which the names of the two 
candidates had been crossed under the Municipal I^eague 
caption. These were for distribution in the Republican divi- 
sions. On a few of the ballots the two names were crossed 
under the Democratic caption. These were, of course, for 
distribution in the Democratic divisions. These ballots 
required another, and in some ways, more importaint visit to 
be paid, as on its being understood how to cross correctly 
the two names on the ballot, largely depended the success of 
the canvass. There were about 5000 of these ballots dis- 
tributed. (A copy, official size, is bound in wdth this report. ) 
To the chairmen were also given division maps of the 
ward. 

A most surprising amount of house to house work was 
done throughout the ward, the division books showing that 



Work of Campaign Organization. 29 

almost every one of the 4750 houses had been visited, the 
larger share of them, three times, making in all some 
13,000 visits which had been made by the division workers. 
The college settlement having a fuller acquaintance, before 
the canvass began, with its own division, the first, made a 
model report. Another model report was the following 
made by Mrs. William Krause of the third division: 

Third Division, Summary. 

Voters, Republican 214 

Voters, Democratic 35 

Voters, Uncertain 95 

Fraudulent Names 61 

Under age 17 

Total 422 

Total names on assessors' list 422 

The result showed a very close canvass, as on election day 
in this third division there were 206 votes cast for the Repub- 
lican candidate, and 74 votes for the Democratic and Muni- 
cipal lycague candidate, 142 names on the list casting no 
ballot, of these names 78 were not entitled to vote, so that 8 
of the uncertain ballots were cast for the Republican ticket 
and 23 for the opposition. 

In the course of the house to house canvass, 960 names 
were discovered on the assessors' lists which had no business 
to be there. The knowledge that these names had been dis- 
covered in which the double canvass made by the Municipal 
lycague, greatly aided, undoubtedly prevented men from vot- 
ing on these names, as there was much less repeating on 
election day than usual. The names of these presumably 
illegal voters arranged by divisions alphabetically, in sepa- 
rate books, were furnished by the committee to the 
watchers of the Municipal League for challenge on election 
day. 

The difficult and laborious task of keeping the records of 
all the fraudulent entries as they were turned in, day by day. 



30 Annai^ of thk American Academy. 

by the division workers, and of compiling and arranging 
from the window books for ready use, over 5000 names on 
the assessors' lists and nearly 1000 fraudulent votes reported, 
was patiently and skillfully discharged by Miss Carlile, for 
whose work no praise can be too high. 

Our meetings, our house to house canvass, our circulars 
and our posters, drew an attention to our canvass which no 
previous reform movement in the ward has ever received. 
Defeated as we were, we forced every voter and every family 
in the ward to stop and consider the condition of the 
schools. 

When election day came, the condition of the ward was 
as follows: In all of the divisions except the twenty-fourth, 
twenty-fifth and twenty-sixth, the Municipal League had 
watchers and workers — sixty in all. Of these, nine were 
men appointed at the request of the Civic Club committee, 
and paid from the money given by the Committee of 
Ninety-five, for a special election work. To its chair- 
man, Mr. Rudolph Blankenburg, and to its members, 
our grateful acknowledgments are due, for help at a critical 
emergency. 

In one division only — the second — was the Municipal 
League allowed an overseer. Heretofore only the Republi- 
cans and Democrats have been granted overseers. But the 
second division is so notoriously crooked that the court 
granted an overseer to the Municipal League for that divi- 
sion. This overseer had been obtained by the Civic Club 
committee, as had eight others, together with the afl&davits 
of five respectable residents in each of those divisions in which 
overseers were needed, divisions where it was felt imperative 
to have them, but the court refused to allow more than 
this one. The result of the elections in these divisions 
demonstrates the judgment of the committee to have been 
right. 

There are three sets of officials recognized at the polls. 
In the first place, the judge and two inspectors, who are 



Work of Campaign Organization. 31 

Isinown as election officers, and who are elected eacli February, 
to serve at all the elections during the ensuing year. Each 
inspector appoints one clerk, making five officials in each 
division. These officers are practically limited to the two 
political parties, so that a reform organization has no oppor- 
tunity to be represented among them as there are three 
elected, and each voter is only allowed to vote for two. 
These officers sit inside the rail and are paid by the city 
treasurer. 

Outside the rail is the second set of officials, consisting of 
the watchers, three being allowed from each organization rep- 
resented on the ticket, but only one from each organization 
being allowed in the polling place at one time. The duties 
of a watcher consist in keeping poll or window books and 
challenge lists. They should not fail to exercise the right 
to challenge suspected voters, and should follow them up by 
requiring the necessary proofs to be furnished. They can 
act as helpers if necessary. 

One watcher for each party or group may remain in the 
voting room, outside the rail, after the polls are closed, until 
the votes have been counted and the results announced. 
They are entitled to have an unobstructed view of the ballots 
while they are being counted, and should keep their eyes on 
the ballots from the moment they are taken from the box, 
until they are returned there and the box sealed. 

The official appointment of watchers costs nothing. An 
application is made to the County Commissioners by the 
official representative of the ticket, on whose behalf the 
watchers are asked, and they issue certificates of appoint- 
ment which must be shown to the election officers at the 
polls at 6.30 on the morning of the election. The watchers 
are not paid from the public treasury, but have to be paid by 
the representative of the ticket which they watch, as few men 
who are willing to stand from 6.30 a. m. until the count is 
concluded, oftentimes long after midnight, can afford to do 
so without pay. In some of the divisions of the Seventh 



32 Annai^ of thk American Academy. 

Ward in the last election the returns were not in until after 
3 a.m. It would mean to them the loss of one-sixth of their 
weekly income. The customary pay of a watcher is two 
dollars per day. This gives two sets of officers recognized 
by law, one set inside the rail and another set outside the 
rail. The only way in which the Civic Club could secure its 
own watchers, would be by having its own school director 
ticket, which it could easily do another year. 

When there is reason to believe the election officers are 
bent on fraud or when they are all from one party, application 
can be made to the court for overseers, who constitute the 
third set of officials recognized at the polls. An overseer can 
watch every stage of the election from within the rail, and 
keep his own list of the voters. It is his duty to remain 
within the rail until all the returns are completed and the 
ballot box sealed. If he has reason to think that a ballot 
has not been properly counted, he has a right to note the 
same on the back of the ballot. An election officer refusing 
to permit the overseer the full opportunity of discharging 
his duty, is punishable by a fine of $1000 and imprisonment 
for one year. If the overseer is driven away or intimidated, 
the whole poll of that election district may be set aside. In 
securing overseers, five affidavits from reputable residents of 
the division are required by law for each overseer, and the 
legal charge of the notary for obtaining these affidavits is 
fi for each, making the affidavits for each overseer cost $5. 
The overseers receive $5 from the public treasurj^ and it is 
always customary for the representative of the party by 
whom their appointment is secured to pay them $5 in addi- 
tion, making the legal cost to the appointing party of each 
overseer, $10. To have had overseers at the polls of the 
eleven divisions, in which the election officers were all Re- 
publican, as should have been done, would have cost $110. 
Through the courtesy of notaries who were interested in the 
election of women on school boards, we were charged, in most 
cases, only the minimum price of fifty cents for each affidavit. 



Work of Campaign Organization. 33 

With the corrupt election officers, lies the chief cause of 
our corrupt elections. This can only be remedied by a 
strenuous and perhaps troublesome effort. The not doing is 
usually easier than the doing. If the best men of the ward 
would go to the primaries, which nominate the election offi- 
cers, such men could not be nominated as the judge of the 
first division, who was released from jail, where he was im- 
prisoned for hitting a man on the head with a hatchet, to 
judge his division in the election last November, and was 
again the judge of his division at the February election. It 
is the lowest men in the party who go to the primaries and 
make their undisturbed nominations of men of their own 
kind for election offices. So quietly is it all done and so 
underhandedly that the names of the election officers to be 
voted for at this last election were not put on the specimen 
ballots sent out before election day, and I was not able to 
find out who had been nominated in my own division, until 
I found the names on the specimen ballots required by law 
to be hung outside each polling place on election day. One 
hour, or at most two, given to the work of the primaries 
twice a year, by the honest, conscientious men of each divi- 
sion, would make some great changes for the better. 

To my horror, I find on looking into the matter, I have 
twice had dinners on the night of the Republican primary 
in my own division. As it convenes at 7.30, I have there- 
fore been responsible for keeping more than one Republican 
away. If the women of the Civic Club will take the trouble 
to look up the dates of the primaries which come for local 
offices early in January and in October, and are always pub- 
lished by law, in the newspapers, and will urge the men of 
their acquaintance to go to these primaries, more especially 
to the one in January, they can do much to secure the nom- 
ination of honest election judges. 

Whatever else was accomplished, the canvass succeeded in 
bringing out a much larger vote than usual, as the following 



34 



Annai^s of thk American Academy. 



vote by divisions for School Directors in the Seventh 
Ward, February 19, 1895, shows: 



Division. 


Shedaker. 


Ksrey. 


Howard. 


Williams. 


Kirkbride. 


Sellei 


I . . 


IIO 


105 


105 


45 


45 


32 


2 




345 


247 


251 


46 


41 


IIO 


3 




205 


196 


206 


74 


73 


54 


4 




164 


144 


153 


69 


69 


62 


5 




183 


177 


178 


34 


35 


31 


6 




127 


107 


III 


72 


75 


61 


7 




243 


193 


206 


15 


18 


49 


8 




204 


155 


197 


61 


60 


83 


9 




217 


194 


207 


65 


66 


64 


10 




171 


166 


165 


23 


23 . 


36 


II 




90 


80 


81 


71 


72 


57 


12 




190 


185 


175 


17 


16 


98 


13 




295 


293 


293 


49 


49 


47 


14 




119 


100 


114 


73 


71 


48 


15 




234 


199 


191 


47 


49 


86 


16 




61 


56 


54 


77 


77 


79 


17 




142 


149 


143 


52 


49 


52 


18 




105 


102 


104 


74 


74 


73 


19 




146 


144 


142 


86 


85 


97 


20 




87 


76 


81 


102 


100 


102 


21 




118 


115 


118 


94 


93 


89 


22 




112 


107 


114 


132 


131 


127 


23 




84 


80 


82 


139 


141 


132 


24 




88 


88 


86 


89 


88 


88 


25 




122 


121 


122 


77 


75 


83 


26 




153 


194 


137 


27 


26 


64 



4IT5 



3773 



3816 



1710 



1 701 



1904 



In the first place the opposition vote at the November elec- 
tion was 900. This time it was 1904, the largest opposition 
vote ever polled in this ward, and the only ward in the city 
in which the opposition vote polled was larger than usual at 
this election. The vote for the two women was 1710 and 
1 701 respectively, but it was their vote which raised the vote 
cast for the third candidate to 1904. In some divisions both 
the vote and the count were fair and the women received all 
promised to them. 



Work of Campaign Organization. 35 

In the first division two of the election officers were notor- 
iously corrupt. On the Monday before election, Mrs. Kirk- 
bride received a postal from one of them stating that he 
*' could be seen at his place of business until election day." 
This offer clearly can have but one construction. A ward 
worker in another division offered to sell out his division for 

$50. 

In the fourteenth division, when the polls closed, the 
election officers sat down, refusing for two hours to begin 
counting the vote, thinking they could tire out the watchers, 
when there would be an opportunity to count the vote as 
might best please them. At the end of two hours, finding 
our watchers could out-sit them, they proceeded with the 
count. The following was the watched result: 

WilHams 73, 
Kirkbride 71, 
Sellers 48. 

Mr. Sellers ran 194 votes ahead of the highest vote cast 
for either of the women candidates. This plurality was 
secured in the second division, where he obtained sixty-four 
votes more, in the eleventh division where he obtained eighty- 
one votes more, and in the fifteenth and in the sixteenth divi- 
sions in each of which he secured thirty-seven votes more. 
The condition of the second has already been mentioned. 
The twelfth is notoriously one of the worst divisions in the 
ward, and the fifteenth and the sixteenth divisions are nearly 
as bad. In all these divisions the Democratic vote is so 
small, that it need scarcely to be considered. Mr. Sellers 
was elected by the aid of his Republican friends, who pre- 
ferred the candidate of the Democratic machine to women 
who were pledged to the reform of the schools and to justice 
to all classes. 

In the Democratic divisions the entire Democratic vote 
was honorably cast for both the woman candidates, and all 
the obligations of a nomination were fully met. At the 
same time there was no doubt from the start that the 



36 Annai^ of thk American Academy. 

Republican machine intended to aid the selected Democratic 
candidate. 

On election day, the two Civic Club candidates with two 
division workers and an officer of the Municipal League, 
made the complete rotmd of the twenty-six polling places 
of the Seventh Ward, and were treated throughout with 
entire courtesy. Whatever their political conduct may be, 
the election officers and others at the polls had not forgotten 
that they were Americans. It w^as pleasant, with so much 
else that one must condemn, to find that the American 
citizen had not lost his traditional courtesy to women. I am 
told that thirty or forty years ago, rioting at the polls was 
so rife, that such a trip would not have been possible. More 
than one murder was often reported the next morning, in con- 
nection with the election returns of the city. 

Throughout the preliminary work in arranging for the 
protection of the interests of the Civic Club candidates at 
the polls, the committee received priceless assistance, advice 
and encouragement from Mr. Charles Henry Jones, whose 
long effi)rts for pure elections in the Fifth Ward constitute 
one of the brightest pages in its dark political history. 

The Seventh Ward presents every difficulty which it is 
possible to find, from the apathy of the better educated; 
many of whom will not take the trouble to pay their poll 
tax, to the ignorance of a large part of the population. 

The w^ealthier part of the ward has only a platonic interest 
in the public schools. Its members do not send their children 
to these schools, as under their present political management 
no parents will send their children to them if they can send 
them to better schools. The most moral and conscientious 
Catholics send their children to their own parochial schools. 
The only class of which the religious and moral portion 
interest themselves in the public schools, are the colored 
population, because they send their children to them, and 
are obliged to do so, or keep them at home, none of the 
private schools admitting them. 



Work op Campaign Organization. 37 

The greatest aid and assistance was received from Mrs. 
Fannie Coppin, who for many years has led the cause of 
education for the colored people in this city. Special 
acknowledgment is due to the colored clergymen of the ward 
who, under strong political pressure, showed a courage, zeal 
and readiness to appeal to their flocks on reform issues, 
which deserves a wide and general imitation. 

We have failed in our assault, and the question of future 
success turns on whether we are willing to undertake a 
siege. Why did we fail in the assault ? First — because the 
organization was opposed to us. Second — our lack of 
acquaintance with the voters. Third — our failure to per- 
suade the people that women would really manage the 
schools better than men. A fourth reason why we failed is 
because the large part of the voters in the ward felt that 
they had more confidence in the men who had taken the 
trouble to make their acquaintance before they asked for 
their vote, than in the women whom they had not known 
until they asked for their vote. 

We must all remember that superior education, informa- 
tion or refinement, confers no privilege to direct education. 
It only creates obligation and responsibility to serve the 
public by slowly educating it. 

The machine has always in every division, two or three 
men who all the year around are keeping up relations with 
the voters, obtaining, for instance, through the ward bosses, 
for men out of work, places on the traction lines and on the 
railroads, helping to get their children transferred from 
school to school, and organizing political clubs whose rent 
and expenses are met by the office holders. There are be- 
sides the corrupt influences at work, such as payments on 
election day, obtaining discharge after arrest for some petty 
crime, and protection of the *'speak-easies." In addition, 
these men look after all the political details of their divisions, 
they know every voter, at least by sight. 

The watchers of the machine were selected long before 



38 AnnaivS of thk American Academy. 

election day ; those of the Municipal L^eague were appointed 
at the eleventh hour. 

The corrupt part of the business of the machine, of 
course we cannot do, but is there any reason why each of us 
should not take the division in which she lives, and make it 
a point before the next election to know all about it ? If 
there is trouble, sickness or death in the little row of houses 
which are at the back of almost every one of our dwellings, 
it ought to be understood that the Civic Club representative 
is the best person in the division to go to. This representa- 
tive ought to get into relations with the Charity Organization 
Society, investigate cases in the division, and distribute its 
relief. A perfect charity organization would have a com- 
petent woman in every division looking after its cases. Such 
a division representative would know what church their 
neighbors attended, and establish relations with the clergy- 
men — white or colored, Protestant or Catholic. . With tact, 
with care to avoid offence, something further would be learned 
about every house in the division and the voters, and every 
effort would be made through the year to prepare for an ap- 
peal in January and February for the right vote. 

Very nearly the best work in the canvass was done by the 
young women of the college settlement. Is there any reason 
why each of us should not turn her own home into a college 
settlement for the benefit of those around us who need help ? 

If an organization like this is extended over the city by 
the women of the Civic Club, as could be done by patient 
effort through several years, it would be entirely possible to 
take the schools out of politics. 

So far as I am concerned, I am ready to take the four- 
teenth division of the Seventh Ward, and I will be glad to 
co-operate in an attempt to reorganize the ward now, for the 
next February school board election; but it will be useless 
to do this unless enough women are willing patiently to do 
this work in every division. 

331 South ,6th St. Sophia W. R. Williams. 



PERSON AI, ASPECTS OE THE CANVASS. 

At the beginning of the second year of the Civic Club 
two of its departments were found in active co-operation, 
carrying on a non-partisan campaign in which many mem- 
bers of the other two departments took an active share. 
That a four- fold organization, so early in its history, after a 
year's work on four distinct lines, should thus suddenly 
discover the perfect harmony of its parts, the co-ordination 
of its powers, was of itself an achievement. No apple of 
discord, but a * ' consummate flower ' ' of unity, is to-day the 
first fruits of the initiative political work of the Civic Club. 

It is proposed to supplement what has gone before by a 
review of some of the events of the campaign, and to glance 
at certain of its aspects not already noticed. The Seventh 
Ward encloses in its limited area unnumbered municipal 
problems; and within it are all the forces that purify and 
perpetuate, as well as all those that tend to destroy, a city's 
life. Although, of course not in every sense, representative, 
it would yet be hard to find a more complete type in minia- 
ture of the American city of our time. 

It has its good things, many of which could be made 
better: homes, schools, churches, charities, hospitals — three 
of the last, where medical science, applied with all the 
ambition and devotion of doctor and of nurse, often fails to 
remedy the bodily ills that pure water, clean streets and 
enlightened liquor laws could easily prevent. Like all large 
American cities, this ward has not only good, but great 
things also — the Pennsylvania Hospital, that old foundation, 
and the newer glory of the Pennsylvania Museum and 
School of Textile Art. 

It has its bad things, some of them so irretrievably bad, 
they ought now to be ground to powder, while some demand 
re-birth or new development; but as they now stand they 

(39) 



40 Annai3 of thb American Academy. 

are all bad — saloons, low theatres, which little children fre- 
quent unattended, sweat-shops, dance-halls, dives, houses 
that look outwardly like homes, but are not. It is almost 
useless to add that it has no amusement hall, where boys 
and girls of the poorer classes can gather with their parents, 
for elevating entertainment, and no park as breathing place, 
although the wretchedness of its slums is a by-word. 

Turning to men, this Seventh Ward is still more typical. 
It has no banking or business houses, no large stores; but 
men representing these interests live within it. All its 
political influence is centred in a long-existent and powerful 
* * Boss, ' ' his machine in perfect working order. Yet 
here live all kinds of citizens, the young men and the 
middle-aged, crowded with work, but eager for reform, the 
old men with public spirit unquenched; two of them 
weighted with more than ninety years — one must speak 
their names — Wm. H. Furness and Frederick Fraley — ^went 
to the polls in February and voted for the women. Here 
live men alike capable of crime against the ballot, whom 
outward circumstance separates widely: the intelligent and 
affluent, who neglect all civic duty; the ignorant and de- 
praved, who sell or barter votes. Of both these classes, it 
has unfortunately a large contingent. 

It is the home of some of Philadelphia's most earnest and 
independent colored citizens, but they are far outnumbered 
by others whom the machine controls. A large floating 
colored population drawn, each winter from the South, by 
false hope of employment, adds to the facilities for corrup- 
tion. To sum up, the Seventh Ward, in city parlance, is 
notoriously a bad ward. Was it b}^ mere accident, that in 
such a ward was carried on the first strictly political work 
ever attempted by women in Philadelphia, and that from it 
nearly one quarter of the members of the Civic Club 
report ? 

The story of the campaign properly begins with the un- 
expected moment, when through a personal call from the 



P^RSONAI, ASPE^CTS OF TH15 CanVASS. 4 1 

Chairman of the Seventh Ward Municipal lyeague Committee, 
each candidate received notice of her nomination. 

Shortly afterward, the candidates, by invitation of the Ward 
Municipal lycague Committee, met the other nominees upon 
the ticket. This was possibly the first invitation extended 
to women in Philadelphia to meet, as candidates, other can- 
didates for city ofiice. This friendly overture showed the 
desire of the Municipal League Committee, that the women 
candidates with the Civic Club behind them, should for the 
time be fully identified with the interests of the Municipal 
League party. It was, however, wisely decided, that in the 
event of an active campaign, the Civic Club and the women 
candidates should represent only the great principle of the 
need of women in the supervision of school affairs. 

Two courses now laj^ open. Defeat was virtually certain ; it 
could be awaited with folded hands or resolutely met, and duty 
perhaps called women to lay claim to that share of direction 
in the public schools which the law had so long sanctioned. 

The latter course would demand all the time and energies 
of the candidates until the election, the unselfish aid of a 
large corps of helpers, the support of the Civic Club as an 
organization, and from individual members a contribution 
of several hundred dollars to cover the cost of a campaign. 
The feeling of the club was fully tested. It was ready for 
action, the president at once heading the subscription list 
with her gift of J50, and the work proceeded on the lines 
described by Mrs. Williams. 

The scenes at the headquarters, which was open at all 
hours, have been already referred to. Here, for more than 
three weeks, from 10 a. m. to 10 p. m., one or both secre- 
taries were constantly employed. While one candidate as or- 
ganizer and executive, was unceasingly engaged in active 
and varied work, the other had the simpler offices of address- 
ing the meetings and receiving workers in her home. The 
largest number of visitors on any one day was about forty, 
but constantly from twelve to twenty came in during the day 



42 AnnaIvS of thk Amkrican Acadkmy. 

for instructions or supplies of the printed matter, so largely 
in demand. Miss Wister's illness removed her share of un- 
intermitted work to her house and often to her room, thus 
lessening the activity at the headquarters. Miss Frothing- 
ham added the entire supervision of the campaign printing 
to the pressure of her usual duties. 

The intense cold of the weeks beginning February 3, when 
the thermometer sank to zero, did not chill the ardor of the 
canvass, and much good work was accomplished during 
those trying days. Gentlewomen shrink from entering the 
houses of strangers, on an unusual errand, unbidden. This 
feeling disappeared before the civic zeal which lead women, 
representing the best that life can give in education and refine- 
ment, to ask admission to every home on the assessors' lists. 

One fact was plain, usually the easiest, possibly the best, 
canvassing was accomplished when two workers went to- 
gether. There is undoubtedly psychological reason for send- 
ing out laborers, who strive to influence action through new 
thought, by two and two. Canvassing was not easy nor 
even agreeable to all. To a few it proved distasteful and 
was unsuited; but many w^orkers, and some of these were 
well acquainted with philanthropic service, found this work 
the broadest and the most inspiring they had ever touched. 

Early in the campaign, a nucleus of interest was sought 
among the educated colored residents of the ward; as a result 
of a conference held with some of the cultivated colored 
women living in or near it, Mrs. Fannie Coppin, formerly of 
Oberlin College, and for many years head of the Friends' In- 
stitute for Colored Youth, threw her large influence in favor 
of women directors. Other women as division chairmen and 
workers showed equally practical s^anpathy. Special meet- 
ings were held in chapels, and at larger meetings called for 
other objects the subject was given full hearing. Mrs. 
Coppin, to use her own expression, was one evening 
permitted *'to capture" for a few minutes a congregation 
numbering 1500. 



Pkrsonai, Aspects of the Canvass. 43 

Possibly, could we read the future, it would be seen that 
for other ends besides those directly aimed at, women of the 
colored and the white race were thus unexpectedly drawn 
together during the Seventh Ward canvass, and some of the 
latter made conscious of great forces for political good, so 
near them, and yet before these campaign weeks, practically 
unknown. 

The parlor meetings were as a rule more useful in strength- 
ening and enlarging the views of converts, than in bringing 
scoffers into the righteous ways that lead women to school 
boards. They were especially valuable for the light thrown, 
by the frequent addresses of Miss Hallowell and Mrs. Mum- 
ford, upon the subject which so closely concerns us all, the 
true education of the children in the city's schools. The 
many public meetings were carried out with varying success 
in attendance, but with unvarying success in practical sug- 
gestions for fiiture effort on the same lines. Busy men and 
women, summoned often at shortest notice by the Program 
Committee, were most responsive. Well known men, the 
best speakers in Philadelphia, turned from a multiplicity of 
engagements to raise their voices in the cause. 

The good order at the public meetings failed only once. 
This exception was singularly instructive. Two men, the 
one made combative, fortunately only in words, and the 
other declamatory by liquor, broke in constantly upon the 
proceedings. The latter twenty times during the meeting, 
raising his right arm, emphatically affirmed by it, that he 
would carry his division *' for the ladies " — and he did. The 
pugnacious individual with querulous questions, suggested 
by, but somewhat foreign to the subject under discussion, at 
intervals interrupted the speakers — only the men, however — 
strangely enough the women were heard in silence. Yet the 
meeting was a great success — the interest of the audience 
was thoroughly sustained, and best of all, a young mechanic 
pronounced it the next day, * ' one of the most entertaining 
lectures he had ever attended." Surely this is an important 



44 Annai^ of the: Amejrican Academy. 

hint, upon which the Civic Club might well take action. If 
the subject of *' Women on School Boards" was made so 
pleasing, it may be practicable at other than election times 
to hold attractive meetings, and thus awaken interest on 
many municipal questions, besides giving much needed en- 
tertainment, and setting up rivalry to the political delights 
of the saloon. 

Two characteristic meetings were held in the College Set- 
tlement Hall, where the night before election, a large audi- 
ence gathered, drawn by the music of a brass band, specially 
engaged for the occasion. The Davis Cadets, a corps of boys 
from the poorest quarters brought to new life under the care 
of the Settlement, gave wide-awake attention to the speakers. 
They wore the campaign badge, which we must believe, 
hereafter, will become an historic emblem. *' This year," 
said one small prophet, pointing to his badge, " it is * Women 
want Women on School Boards, ' next year it will be * Men 
want Women on School Boards. ' ' ' Another, turning eagerly 
to a son of one of the candidates, exclaimed, *' You'll vote 
for the women; you won't go back on your mother." What 
a challenge this, flung out by this young champion in the 
slums, not to the Seventh Ward only, but to all the city's 
voters. When will the men of Philadelphia cease to "go 
back " upon their mothers and their wives, and holding fast 
to the practical ideas of women, work persistently to win for 
us and for themselves, good city government ? 

The candidates attended by invitation three of the Satur- 
day evening Municipal lyeague meetings, presenting their 
claims at each. At these meetings, as at those called by the 
Campaign Committee, the lack of intelligence in the faces 
of many of the men, who yet had enough interest in politics 
to be present, shows that the intelligence of women ought at 
once to be exerted in providing means to develop that of ig- 
norant voters. The following incident is to the point: A 
young colored man, member of a Sundaj^ School class, when 
his teacher regretted that he lived in the Eighth Ward, and 



PkrsonaIv Aspects of the Canvass. 45 

therefore could not vote for her friend as director, answered, 
** Wouldn't your lady friend have my vote ? Wouldn't she 
like it ? Why I could just walk over into the Seventh Ward 
and vote there ? What difference does it make if I do live 
in the Eighth Ward ?" 

It has already been stated that the opposition excited by 
the activity of the canvass, repeating similar experiences in 
other cities, centred in the school board and teachers. It 
may be added that each candidate received a call of protest 
from a teacher who remarked, that she couldn't understand 
why any woman could want to get a place as school director. 
Her attitude differed from that of an old family servant, who, 
when asked by a friend of the family to vote for the women 
candidates, thought a while, and consenting, said, "Two 
ladies can't do much harm anyway." Some years ago wo- 
men candidates ran in the Ninth Ward. An article pub- 
lished at the time opposed their election on the ground that 
"Women cannot understand the feelings of fathers." In 
reflecting on the opposition of the Seventh Ward school 
board we can only re-echo this sentiment. 

The campaign was not without humorous episodes. Some 
of these caused melancholy thought to women made abnor- 
mally serious by continued privilege of tax-paying without 
representation. Urgent request was made by a supposed in- 
timate of the editor of a small paper for an article on the 
school question. It was written and sent. Then appeared 
the editor asking the meaning of the article sent without 
signature, and an editorial already in proof, warning against 
the women candidates, was shown, proper explanation, how- 
ever, might prevent its publication. Met by calm words, not 
ready money, the editor left in haste to meet another en- 
gagement. 

The following sentences are taken from a letter received 
from a member of a political club of colored men: 

... I have speared no pains in putting fourth every effort 
possible for the comeing event. ... I am proud to say that 



46 Annals of the American Academy. 

the good citizens of the sixth division and Seventh Ward . . . 
vows to cast their vote for you on the day of the election. I 
not only think for a moment that the sixth division alone 
will vouch for you, but so far as I have learned the whole 
entire ward is appealing to the lady candidates of this ward 
for good discipline and the education of the young. I am 
sure I can see nothing to prevent you from carrying the vic- 
tory in this fight. I will do all I can as I will be around 
the polls and I know with the expenditure of a little money 
I can carry many my way. And my way is for you to 
win. . . . 

l^he letter was followed the next day by a call from its 
urbane writer. 

Late in the afternoon, the day before the election, a four- 
wheeler stopped at headquarters, its occupant, a colored man 
with a decided turn for politics, an errand runner in a market 
and very impecunious. He alighted and awaited the candi- 
date's return. She was thus accosted on the sidewalk, "I 
have come to tell you only two men in the ward can be 
trusted, they are the only ones who are true to you.' ' With 
this alarming announcement, he returned to the cab, which 
was driven rapidly away. In an hour it returned with 
two occupants; the candidate was summoned to her door: 
* ' Here, ' ' said the former speaker, pointing to his companion, 
while a strong odor of whiskey filled the vestibule, ' ' here 
is one of the two men I spoke to you about, I've brought 
him to tell you he is faithful and trustworthy. ' ' The un- 
grateful candidate was not moved to pay for the privilege 
of looking at such devotion. 

The day before the election came the postal from the elec- 
tion judge, mentioned by Mrs. Williams. He is certainly a 
poor judge of the attitude of this club toward elections. 

On election day, February 19, five members of the Civic 
Club accompanied the chairman of the Seventh Ward Mu- 
nicipal League committee in his visits to the polls. It was 
necessary to see that all watchers engaged were at their posts, 



Pkrsonai, Aspects of the Cx\nvass. 47 

and that each of the twenty-six boys sent out early with 
banners inscribed in large letters, " Remember your Children 
and Vote for Women on the School Board, ' ' was duly on duty 
at his poll. The sun shone brightly on the icy pavements, 
and as the day went on made dampness damper, the bricks 
under foot reeked with moisture. The piles of snow 
beside the trolley track were black with city grime. The 
alleys, uncleaned because the law requires that they must 
become nuisances and be reported as such to the Board 
of Health before cleansing, were choked with hillocks of 
snow variegated with refuse. Never did lyombard and 
South streets look dirtier or appeal more visibly for woman's 
help. 

It was probably the first time that a group of earnest 
women had ever systematically visited the voting places of 
the ward. Their presence, as they stood for a few minutes 
near each poll, was observed at first with mute amazement, 
then with evident recognition of the fact that women had 
personal interest in the day's results. They met with no 
discourtesy; frequently with kindly and respectful greeting. 
The following day, one newspaper, however, had a short 
article headed "Women Hustle for Votes," beginning thus: 
"A feature of the election in the Seventh Ward was the 
hustling canvass made by the women, who, accompanied by 
lyincoln ly. Eyre, went from division to division throughout 
the ward, urging the voters to cast their ballots for the Mu- 
nicipal lycague candidates for school directors." It is need- 
less to say that no votes were asked for. 

In one place words ran high and knives were drawn, 
when the chairman of the League entered the narrow hall 
leading directly to the polling booth. It was not his divi- 
sion, and a half-drunken man objected, inciting others. 
The other polls, when visited, were free from disorder. 
With the above exception, the efiects of liquor were not 
noticeable until the afternoon, when it became evident that 
saloons were open, though their doors were closed. 



48 Annai^ of thk American Acade^my. 

In the division next to that poll, where a narrow hall was 
crowded by angry brawlers, the broad entrance of a school 
house looked morally advantageous, and seemed a model 
polling place. Three men were passing through the court, 
and one, in answer to inquiry, replied that for many years 
the polls had been held there, the children of one section of 
the school therefore had a holiday at each election, and the 
city was thus saved twenty-five dollars. He knew this, he 
was himself an election officer. At the moment just pre- 
ceding this conversation, one of the party of women heard 
this officer say to the other white man, while pointing to 
their colored companion: *' Take him across the street and 
give him a drink. ' ' School houses as polls may not prevent 
all irregularities, and possibly the loss to the children of a 
day's schooling was scarcely made up by the twenty-five 
dollars saved the city. 

Some of the polls, especially one held in an unrented 
shop, with large windows directly on the street, gave good 
opportunity to scan the faces and note the appearance of 
the election officers. On that day in the Seventh Ward, 
true citizens of all classes performed self-sacrificing duty at 
the polls, and there is possibility, too, of worth disguised 
by outward looks; but the eye cannot always deceive, and 
it was painfully apparent that almost all the men in 
authority at the polls fell far below the standard which 
ought to be demanded in officials elected for such important 
service. 

As is apt to happen when women start on a new mission, 
unlooked-for occupation came. One of the company chanced 
at the first stopping place to hold two badges in her hand. 
A child asked for one, and was, of course, followed by 
another little beggar. The hint was acted upon, a large 
supply was brought. The badges which had hitherto been 
far less popular than the printed literature of the campaign, 
rose to unprecedented value, at every poll eager boys and 
girls rejoiced in the decoration. 



Pkrsonaiv Aspects of thk Canvass. 49 

In tlie first division the poll was surrotinded by a group 
of young colored men, whose looks showed the degradation 
of the neighboring slums. One of them, after watching the 
satisfaction of the children, asked a badge for himself. The 
request was taken up by others, their faces telling the same 
tale of poverty and evil. 

It was but a moment's task to pin a badge upon each 
soiled and tattered coat, but what if responsibility rests upon 
us women for such early shipwrecked manhood ? 

A happier reminiscence accompanies the thought of 
another polling place in a western division, where a group 
of a dozen children crowded about one of the party, and 
detained her. On looking back, the candidate, whose clear 
brain had planned, whose unwearying energy had followed 
every step of the campaign, was seen a very image of charity 
bending over the little children, teaching, through the gift 
of the campaign badge, a first civic lesson. 

There remains only a glimpse of the dreary Municipal 
League headquarters, where in the evening the tired watchers 
gathered after long service at the polls. Towards midnight 
the special watchers, who had waited for the count in each 
division, began to come singly, and as it seemed at long 
intervals, each one reporting with eager haste the day's re- 
sults. In one division, where scratched tickets abounded, 
and the count was long, an annoyed Republican inspector 
exclaimed: " The women have done this." 

The next day brought certainty of defeat, but no discour- 
agement, and the Civic Club may well take up the words of 
the Italian statesman, who, when taunted with political de- 
feat, replied: *' I call myself to-morrow." Women will not 
sit on the Seventh Ward school board during the coming 
twelvemonth, but no machine management can drive them 
from the outlook gained by this year's experience. In any 
real struggle for progress, defeat is never entire defeat, and 
no victory ultimate. Were all the reforms we long for ac- 
complished to-morrow, at that very moment new paths of 



50 AnnaIvS of the American Academy. 

imperative endeavor would open. We have been defeated, 
but what of the gain in learning for ourselves the sacrifice 
of time, the expenditure of strength and energy, the know- 
ledge of affairs and the perseverance needed even in a 
small political venture? What of the gain in knowing 
something about the financial side of politics, and learning 
that much money must be raised and used, though strict 
economy controls expenses, and perfect honesty makes pay- 
ments ? 

Is there no gain in realizing through the remembrance of 
wearied head and tired feet, and days preternaturally long^ 
why men taxed to the utmost, in bread- winning, or en- 
grossed by professional and business cares, or enamored of 
society or studj^ do not throw themselves into election or 
other work for good city government ? Is there no gain in 
learning something of the chief race problem in our midst ? 
What of the profit, too> in learning that even the restoration 
of the primaries to purity, conscientious voting for the best 
candidates, and a lively interest in elections will not of them- 
selves fully accomplish ward regeneration. 

The experience of one campaign forces the conviction, 
that back of all political organization lies that essential 
primary whose choices affect the body politic for good or ill, 
the unit of the value of each man's personality. There is 
but one sure and roj^al road to the purification of one bad 
ward, or to the good government of thirty-seven wards. 
Women are even now called to point it out, and will soon, 
if they prove equal to the task, be leaders upon the highway 
of human brotherhood. Already women begin to under- 
stand that the great principle of government of the people, 
by the people, for the people, has not caused misrule in our 
large cities. Misrule has come, because American citizen- 
ship has failed to grow with the growth of cities. The 
average citizen is now too small, too much dwarfed by per- 
sonal interests, to see in human brotherhood the only true, 
working political force for his city and his ward. 



P^RSONAi, Aspects of the Canvass. 51 

From the beginning of the campaign some of those most 
active in it were impressed with a sense that an unseen power 
had called to the work, preparing it for them and them for it; 
the special capacity of each one fitting her for her special 
task. * ' Coincidences ' ' beneath which, it is said Oliver 
Wendell Holmes felt * * there is often a profound spiritual 
law which we do not now comprehend," were constantly 
about them. The same feeling recurred, when after writing 
the previous paragraphs, the concluding part of Mrs. Wil- 
liams' paper was read by the present writer. The can- 
didates of the late campaign, unknowingly to each other, 
through its review, have come to one conclusion. For what 
is the action to which Mrs. Williams urges us but the prac- 
tical carrying out of the idea of human brotherhood ? She 
has turned aspiration into possible reality. I, for one, am 
ready in the eleventh division, to answer to her call. 

KWZA B. KiRKBRIDE, 
i4.dB^ Spruce Street, 



REPORT ON OFI^ICB WORK, MEETINGS 
AND SPEAKERS. 

It is difficult to give a clear, short, business account of the 
office work, because there was too much done in a short 
time to keep very systematic records. There were letters to 
be written to members of the Civic Club living in the ward, 
to members of the Civic Club living outside the ward, and 
finally to any woman in the city who might be willing to 
help in the house to house visiting. There were speakers to 
be secured, there were invitations to parlor meetings to be 
sent out, there were two sets of twenty-six window books to 
be made up, and some members of the Campaign Committee 
were always in the office to act as a general bureau of 
information. 

At Mrs. Kirkbride's invitation the committee made her 
house its headquarters, and there the work of the campaign 
was principally done. There the committee met the division 
chairmen and workers who" came to get fresh supplies of 
campaign literature, notices of meetings, etc. , and to compare 
notes about their visiting. The drawing room was completely 
metamorphosed, the piano did duty as a table to hold the 
leaflets, notices and appeals to our * * Neighbors and Friends," 
a new ornament appeared on the wall near the door in the 
shape of a blackboard on which each morning were pinned 
notices of the meetings for the day; while the adjoining 
room was devoted to the assistant secretary. Miss Carlile, 
and her aids who made up the books in which were pasted 
the assessors' lists, and later the books containing the lists of 
fraudulent and erroneous names which were used by the 
watchers at the polls. When in sending out invitations to 
parlor meetings it became necessary to employ a typewriter, 
another room was given up to her use for five days, while 

(52) 



Offick Work, Meetings and Speakers. 53 

two other professional workers were called in for three days 
and a half before the election. 

The meetings above referred to were called in diiGFerent 
parts of the ward, while the house to house visiting was 
being done, and were held in public halls, in churches and 
in private parlors. From the fifth to the nineteenth of 
February, thirty-three meetings were held in all. 

PuBiyic Meetings in Hali^. 

Two at Y. M. C. A, rooms, 1120 Pine Street. 

Tradesmen's Hall, Twenty-second and South Streets. 

O'Neil's Hall, 1352 Lombard Street. 

Magnolia Hall, Sixteenth and Lombard Streets. 

Two at College Settlement, Seventh and Carver Streets. 

Home for the Homeless, 708 Lombard Street. 

Two at St. Luke's Guild, St. Luke's Church. 

Meetings in Coi^ored Churches. 

Church of the Crucifixion, pastor. Rev. L. G. Jordan. 
Two at Bethel Chapel, pastor. Rev. W. D. Cook. 
Wesleyan Church, pastor. Rev. F. H. Stitt. 
Rev. Mr. Tallifiero's Sunday School, 1842 Lombard Street, 
Two at Allen Chapel, Rev. W. H. H. Butler. 

Pari^or Meetings. 

Mrs. Wm. Rotch Wister (2), 1104 Spruce Street. 

Mrs. Morris Longstreth, 141 6 Spruce Street. 

Mrs. Persifor Frazer, 928 Spruce Street. 

Mrs. Theodore M. Etting, 12 19 Spruce Street. * 

The Misses Paul, 903 Pine Street. 

Mrs. P. H. Brice, 1537 Pine Street. 

Mrs. Robert P. Kane, 1024 Clinton Street. 

Mrs. N. F. Mosselle, 1432 Lombard Street. 

Mrs. Perry Johnson, 315 Dean Street. 

Mrs. Samuel M. Fox, 339 S. Broad Street. 

Mrs. C. N. Thorpe, 1729 Pine Street. 

Mrs. Thomas Musgrove, Twentieth and Spruce Streets. 

Mrs. Lincoln L. Eyre, 2302 De Lancey Street. 

Mrs. William H. Ingham, 2134 Pine Street. 

Miss Julia F. Jones, 1524 Lombard Street. 



54 ANNAI.S OF Tun Amkrican Academy. 

There were about 1250 invitations to the parlor meetings 
typewritten and sent out, and 25,900 printed notices of public 
meetings distributed, similar to the following: 

WOMEN ON SCHOOI. BOARDS ! 

PUBI^IC MEETING, 

Tuesday, February 12th, 
at 3 o'clock, 

ST. MARY STREET COLLEGE SETTLEMENT, 
617 Carver Street. 

Come and Bring Your Friends. 

Addresses by the Women Candidates for the Seventh Ward School 
Board and other speakers. 

These notices of the public meetings which were especially 
for the smaller streets, were printed on bright- colored paper 
and were left at the houses by the division visitors, who 
drew special attention to them; but though the people seemed 
interested in them at the time, the attendance at the meetings 
was very small. 

As a suggestion for future work it may be well to note 
that people can often be induced to go to places with which 
they are familiar — as we found in the case of the colored 
churches — when they will not go to a strange place. The 
thanks of the committee are especially due to the colored 
clergymen who not only gave us the use of their churches, 
but in several cases spoke for us. 

Notices for the parlor meetings were sent to each house 
within a few squares of the place of meeting, so that no one 
could plead distance as an excuse for not attending, but the 
citizens did not turn out in greater force on the large streets 
than on the small ones. Those who did come, however, 
showed a real and helpful interest. The sentiment of all 
the parlor meetings is best summed up by the following 



Officer Work, Mfjktings and Spfakijrs. 55 

resolutions passed at the meeting at Dr. Persifor Frazer's 
house: 

" Whereas^ The question of the appointment of school commissioners 
is and ought to be in all civilized communities totally separated from 
the questions which agitate and divide great political parties. 

Whereas^ The proper care and guidance of the young is most vSafely 
entrusted to those persons who are outside of the baneful influences 
of partnership, and whose circumstances and surroundings produce a 
natural aptitude for a trust of this kind. 

Whereas^ The uninterrupted experience of twenty-five years in 
England, Germany, and a large and rapidly increasing number of the 
States of this country shows that the kind of women who are without 
exception nominated for such positions, have been those most success- 
ful in filling them. 

Whereas^ The candidates proposed for these positions are especially 
worthy of selection. 

Therefore be it resolved^ That we earnestly commend to the voters 
of this district without distinction of party Mrs. Thomas Kirkbride and 
Mrs. Talcott Williams for election as members of the school board." 

But though the attendance at the meetings would scarcely 
average twenty at the public and twelve at the parlor meet- 
ings, the committee did not feel discouraged, for the notices 
and invitations advertised the movement, and we soon found 
that people were beginning to discuss the question among 
themselves, even if they did not care to hear us discuss it. 

The chairman of the Campaign Committee, Miss Mary 
Channing Wister, was indefatigable in arranging meetings 
and securing speakers, but was prevented by illness from 
doing any more active work. 

In acknowledging their obligations to all who helped in 
the campaign, the committee desire to express their heart- 
felt thanks to the speakers for the effort they made in behalf 
of the canvass, often at great personal inconvenience. 

The following is a list of the speakers : 

Dr. James MacAlister, Rev. S. D. McConnell, D. D., 

Mr. Robert C. Ogden, Miss L. A. Kirby, 

Mr. Talcott Williams, Mrs. N. F. Mosselle, 

Miss Anna Hallo well. Rev. Leverett Bradley, 

Hon. John S. Durham, Miss Katherine Bement Davis, 



56 



Annai^s of the American Academy. 



Mrs. J. P. Mumford, 
Mrs. Fannie Coppin, 
Mr. Joseph G. Rosengarten, 
Dr. Morris Jastrow, Jr., 
Mrs. John H. Scribner, 
Mr. Wm. M. Salter, 



Mr. Rodman Paul, 
Dr. Persifor Frazer, 
Mrs. Cornelius Stevenson, 
Mrs. N. Dubois Miller, 
Mr. David Wallerstein, 
Dr. Thos. G. Morton. 



Edith Wetherill, 

Secretary Campaign Committee, 
Chalkley Hall^ Philadelphia. 



REPORT OF THE CIVIC CI.UB CAMPAIGN FUND. 



Receipts. 
From club contributions . , $373*25 

EJxPENSES. 

Printing circulars $75-9o 

Printing ballots 54-58 

Wages of stenographer 46.80 

Rent of typewriter 5.00 

Messenger boys 26.29 

Banner boys 19.00 

Flags 15.00 

Posters , 7.50 

Bill Posters v 6.00 

Perambulator 7.00 

Wagon 3.00 

Band 12.00 

Canvassing ,' 5.00 

Watchers . 3.00 

Hall, College of Physicians 10.00 

** Broad and Lombard Streets 2.00 

** Thirteenth and Lombard Streets 2.00 

Janitor's fee , i.oo 

Stationery, stamps, etc 21.73 

322.80 

Balance $ 50.45 

Francejs Clark, 

Treasurer. 
2008 DeLancey Place. 



(57) 



REPORT OF CAMPAIGN FUND FROM COM- 
MITTEE OF '95. 



Rkceipts. 
From Committee of '95 . . I150.00 

Expenses. . . , 

Watchers * I15.00 

Campaign expenses 35.00 

Prosecuting illegal voters 50.00 

100.00 

■ Balance . $ 50.00 

Summary. 

Club receipts raised by and from members ^373- 25 

Receipts from - Committee of '95 . . 150,00 

I523.25 

Total expenses as above 422.80 

Balance I100.45 

Printing report 100.00 

Balance $ 00.45 



(58) 



REPORT OF DIVISION WORK IN THE TWENTY- 
SECOND AND TWENTY-THIRD EI.ECTION 
DIVISIONS. 

In pursuance of the request of the Civic Club, I present 
below my report of the recent canvass of the twenty-second 
and twenty- third divisions of the Seventh Ward, in the in- 
terest of Mrs. Sophia W. R. Williams and Mrs. Eliza B. Kirk- 
bride, the candidates for school directors, nominated by the 
Municipal I^eague and endorsed by the Democratic party, 
from the names sent in by the Civic Club. 

These two divisions are particularly interesting because 
they are the only Democratic ones in the ward. On this 
account, as well as because of the thorough Municipal League 
work done there, they were easy to canvass. The twenty- 
third contains a large number of active Municipal League 
workers, and the twenty -second is in that intelligently recep- 
tive state which precedes conviction. 

The twenty-third, bounded by the south side of Spruce 
Street, west side of Twenty-second Street, south side of Pine 
Street, and west by the Schuylkill, is my own division, and I 
helped Mrs. Isaac Starr, our chairman, to canvass it. We 
had a very interesting parlor meeting at my house, which 
was well attended, and where Mrs. Kirkbride, Mrs. Mum- 
ford, Mr. Wallerstein, and Mr. Eyre spoke. 

This division contains a large proportion of people in the 
better classes of life, and many from the respectable working 
classes. On the other hand it harbors some very degraded 
specimens of humanity; among these being the descendants 
of the once notorious Schuylkill Rangers.* 

* [In the period before the Consolidation Act of Philadelphia and for some time 
after, the edge of the city along the Schuylkill, then the limit of the old charter 
city, was the hannt of riotous and unruly gangs of ruffian marauders, old and 

(59) 



6o Annals of the: American Academy. 

We laid our division out in parts, and each worker can- 
vassed her share thoroughly. What may be called the 
''toughest" part luckily fell to Miss Esther Starr and me, 
and we found it much more exciting and interesting than the 
more respectable streets would have been. 

In our canvassing on Kent Street, a narrow street running 
between Pine Street and DeLancey Place, Twenty-second 
Street and the river, we were warned against visiting one 
house. If the voter had ' ' a glass in his head, " as the neigh- 
bors expressed it, we might be roughly treated. We braved 
him, however, found him quite sober, and very intelligent, 
and we went joyfully on our way, upon his declaring he was 
"for the women every time," and would come to our next 
meeting. He did appear, but in such a state that he came 
very near being ejected. He interrupted the speakers con- 
tinually, and embarrassed me somewhat^ after the meeting, 
by grasping me by both hands and announcing to everyone 
that I was his '*gal." Imagine how discouraged we felt 
about him, whom we had thought our shining light in Kent 
Street. Our trust, however, was not entirely misplaced, for 
to his everlasting credit be it said that he turned up sober on 
election day, voted for us himself, and brought several others 
to do likewise. 

In contrast to our experiences in what are called the back 
streets, was the following: I went to call on one of my own 
friends, and was fortunate enough to encounter the ' ' head of 
the house. ' ' He listened patiently to all I had to say, and 
then remarked: "I am proud to say I have not voted for 
twenty years, and I have made a vow never to vote again. ' ' 

This from a man who should be a useful citizen. I was 
afraid I had wasted my time on him, but he did say in parting 
that he was tempted this year to vote for the women on the 

young, known as " Schuylkill Rangers," who made both life and property unsafe 
and insecure by night and day. The boundaries of the old divisions of the present 
city to which the semi-criminal, lawless classes gravitated, because escape from 
the police was easy across the artificial civic boundary, still at most points retain 
traces of old conditions.— The Editor.] 



Division Work in the North End. 6i 

school boards. His wife declared that she only wished she 
had his chance to vote ! 

In canvassing the various classes of voters, we were much 
impressed by the marked contrast in the attitude of the 
richer, better, and more educated classes toward municipal 
politics, as distinguished from that of the so-called ignorant 
people in the small streets. On Spruce Street, Pine Street, 
Del^ancey and Trinity Places, many voters asked the follow- 
ing questions : 

' ' When is next election day ? " 

"What candidates, besides the Mayor, are to be voted for?'* 

" What is the number of this division ? " 

*' How is this ward bounded anyhow ? " etc. 

While in the small streets the voter appeared to know all 
these facts quite as well as the canvassers. 

In the small streets, in the midst of all the wretchedness, 
dirt and ignorance, there was scarcely a single instance of 
indifference to questions of government. In the large streets 
we found citizens whose bosoms swelled with pride, as they 
declared: "I never vote. It is hopeless to obtain good 
government. " ' ' A vote is a privilege, not a duty. " " Free 
government and universal suffrage are humbugs, and, more- 
over, women had better not meddle in politics." One 
woman, an acquaintance of mine whom I asked to help me 
canvass the division in which she lived, replied that she 
did not ** exactly approve of the Civic Club," and thought 
canvassing ''unwomanly." The reflections that such a 
state of affairs arouses are most serious. 

The vote for 1895 and 1894 in the twenty-third division 

for school directors was : 

1895. 1894. 

Shedaker, R 84 Durham, R 76 

Bsray, R 80 Hastings, R 78 

Howard, R 82 Leiper, R 78 

Williams, C. C 139 Pryor, Jr., D 99 

Kirkbride, C. C 141 

Sellers, D 132 



62 Annai^ of thk American Acadkmy. 

The twenty -second division is bounded by Pine Street 
Twenty-second Street, South Street and Twenty-fourth 
Street. I was chairman, and Miss Starr, Miss Kmily Smith, 
and Mrs. Bradbury Bedell were most efficient workers. This 
division contains very few of the richer and more refined 
people. It harbors three voters who have very much con- 
taminated their immediate neighborhood, to which the 
peppermint test might be applied to purify its politics, i. e., 
a school director who says ' ' the school board is not a fit 
place for women." It is needless to say that in none 
of these houses were we rapturously received, and we are 
proud that these men voted against the women school 
directors. 

I sent for a man from Pine Street whom I have employed 
for years, explained our aim to him, and asked him to help 
us to elect our candidates to take care of his children in the 
schools. If he were not a solitary example I should think 
I had failed as a canvasser, for he replied, " Mrs. Kyre, my 
vote cannot be bought." In Mrs. Starr's division somewhat 
the same thing happened to a fellow-worker who was told 
by a voter that his vote was worth one dollar, and his neigh- 
bor's two. These incidents show what a tremendous work 
lies before us, when even the voters who believe in us are 
on the lookout for the usual bribery. We had many com- 
plaints of the school in this division, and the heartrending 
tales of what the more delicate children suffer in recess 
in the school yard from the rough ones, are almost incon- 
ceivable. 

This division is a very hopeful one, for the women in it 
are with us almost *' to a man," and the small minority of 
men against us we hope to convince before the next elec- 
tion. We have many friends here, and were it not for the 
immediate presence of the three men before nientioned, we 
should have had a much more glorious result. 

The vote for 1895 and 1894 in the twenty-second division 
for school directors was: 



Division Work in Tun North End. 63 

1895 1894 

Sliedaker, R 112 Durham, R. ..... . 100 

Bsray, R 107 Hastings, R 100 

Howard, R 114 I^eiper, R icxd 

Williams, C. C 132 Pry or, Jr., D 118 

Kirkbride, C. C 131 

Sellers, D 127 

The candidates, the secretaries of the Civic Club and of 
the Campaign Committee and I, went to every booth in the 
ward on election day, and were only invited to go through 
the booths of the twenty-second and twenty-third divisions. 
We thank the officials of these booths for a most interesting 
and novel sight. 

The idea of women school directors is one that has 
come to stay, and I hope we all mean to continue in our 
work until we succeed. We are proud of our divisions, and 
we are encouraged to persevere until they are carried unani- 
mously for good government. I, at least, have really enjoyed 
this campaign, and we have been brought into contact with 
life in a way that has helped to make more thoughtful 
women and more useful citizens of us all. The result all 
through this corrupt ward has been an encouragement to 
good government and the work of the Municipal I^eague 
and Civic Club. 

Nina B. Byre). 

^jo2 DeLancey Place, 



THE GOI^IvKGE SKTTlvBMBNT'S SHARE IN THE 
RECENT CAMPAIGN. 

The College Settlement always welcomes any opportunity 
to get better acquainted with its neighbors or to increase its 
accurate knowledge of the neighborhood. Therefore it 
gladly took advantage of the occasion offered by the 
Campaign Committee for the canvass of the first division of 
the Seventh Ward. 

The Settlement is just outside this division, which is 
bounded by the south side of I^ombard Street, the west side 
of Seventh Street, the north side of South Street and the east 
side of Ninth Street. It includes, therefore, both sides of 
Eighth Street from South to I^ombard, Carver and CuUen 
Streets from Seventh to Eighth, McCann's, Turner's, I^evy's, 
Brown's, Patton's and Yeager's Courts, Cedar Avenue, 
Cross Alley and Lombard Row. 

According to the assessor's list the division has 255 voters, 
living in ninety-one houses. The voters are chiefly colored 
and men of foreign birth or parentage, and the party line 
almost coincides with the color line, the colored people being 
Republicans to a man, while the whites are, generalty speak- 
ing. Democrats. The Republicans are in the majority, 
usually receiving about two-thirds of the votes cast in the 
division. 

The work of the committee of the first division was done 
by five of the Settlement residents. A young man, one of 
the Settlement workers, made supplementary calls where it 
was thought a man might elicit facts which a woman could 
not. Every house in the division was visited twice and most 
of them three times. The caller was in every case courteously 
received and in all but a very few cases listened to with at- 
tention and apparent interest. In a few cases the courtesy 
was so pronounced, and the eagerness to give information 

(64) 



Division Work by thk Coi.i.kge^ Shtti^emknt. 65 

before it was asked for so marked, as to give rise to suspicions 
that there was something to conceal. In all such cases a 
visit paid by the gentleman assisted either in strengthening 
or confirming the suspicion. 

The first visit paid to a house was to gather all the infor- 
mation possible. As many of the voters of this division are 
small shop-keepers living in the same house with their 
business it was possible to see a great many of the voters 
themselves. Remembering, however, the educational pur- 
poses of the campaign, anefibrt was made to see the woman of 
the house also and to interest her. 

The caller did not hurry but took advantage of any op- 
portunity ofiered for general conversation and in this way 
much was gained; for a little skillful guidance of the drift 
of the talk was often more effective than direct questioning. 
In this division it was generally safe to assume as a basis for 
work that knowing the color one knew the party, and the 
facts in the case usually developed in the course of the con- 
versation. No promises were asked for, though many were 
volunteered. 

In only a few cases were people found who decidedly op- 
posed women on the school board, and those who opposed 
were as often women as men. Many of the men who were 
straight Republicans agreed that it was right and proper 
that women should be upon the board, and that it would 
probably result in the improvement of the school, but urged 
that inasmuch as they were upon the Democratic ticket they 
would feel bound to support that party in cases of a party 
vote in the board, and that therefore the Republican voter 
could not support them. Nothing could persuade some men 
that the women were not bound to vote with either party, but 
would give a conscience vote in all cases. The hold of the 
party upon the voter was everywhere apparent. In a few 
cases hints were thrown out, or even direct questions asked, 
as to the amount of money to be spent by the women in the 
campaign. 



66 Annai^ op the American Academy. 

Questions were always asked as to the school children in 
the family, and any disposition to discuss the school or its 
management was encouraged with a view to finding out so 
far as possible the attitude of mind of the division toward 
the public schools. When the streets are swarming with little 
folks the small number of voters having children in school 
was quite surprising until the fact was recalled that the divis- 
ion is rapidly filling up with foreigners, whose children are 
in school, but who themselves are not yet naturalized. I^om- 
bard Street, too, has a considerable number of lodging houses 
patronized by unmarried men. 

The criticisms upon the school and its management were 
seldom intelligent, and varied from the very general com- 
plaint of one old colored man who said that the school was 
so bad that his daughter *' had removed herself of her own 
volition on account of almost complete nervous prostration,'* 
to that very specific charge of a white foreigner who said 
that her child's teacher being both deaf and blind could not 
see or hear when the pupils got into mischief and requested 
her removal ! Some people seemed to think that if Mrs. 
"Williams and Mrs. Kirkbride were elected it would be their 
duty to redress grievances of all sorts, and asked that such 
facts as that a man was out of work, or that a woman 
would not pay her child's board, be brought to their 
attention. 

As there is a large percentage of residents in the neigh- 
borhood who are continually ' ' on the move ' ' it was not 
surprising that a large number of names should have been 
found on the assessor's list whose possessors no longer lived 
at the addresses given. About sixty names were found of 
those who had moved, were dead, did not exist, or were in 
prison. Of these over half belonged to the first class. Some 
houses used as political clubrooms or division headquarters 
undoubtedly were accredited with more voters than honestly 
belonged to them, but irregularities of this sort were almost 
impossible to prove. 



Division Work by thk Coi.i.kg^ Sktti^km^nt. 67 

The second visit was paid to give the invitation to the 
public meetings held in the Settlement Hall, and the third 
visit on the day before election was with the sample ballot 
which every one was delighted to get. 

Two public meetings were held in the Settlement Hall. 
One on the afternoon of February 1 2 was addressed by Mrs. 
Williams, Mrs. Kirkbride, Mrs. Coppin, Mr. Salter, and Mr. 
Durham. There was a very small attendance, not over 
fifteen people outside of those specially interested being 
present. The second meeting on the evening before the 
election was better attended, though there were not as many 
at this as had been hoped. Before the meeting the Davis 
Cadets, a drill corps of forty boys who meet weekly at the 
Settlement, dressed in their uniforms and decorated with 
the *' Women Want Women on the School Board " badges, 
marched through the streets of the first and second divis- 
ions. They were preceded by a drum and fife corps, and 
carried a large transparency, with the names of the candi- 
dates, the place of the meeting, etc. , upon it. Although the 
little procession attracted a large crowd in the street, it did 
not succeed in filling the hall to overflowing. Still the 
meeting was a good one. The speakers were Mrs. Williams, 
Mrs. Kirkbride, Mrs. Coppin, Mr. Wallerstein and Dr. 
Morton. 

In the canvass fifty-one votes were promised, and others 
seemed so favorably impressed that more were hoped for. 
But alas for hopes ! The committee were doomed to disap- 
pointment. The returns of the first division showed only 
forty-five faithful to their promises. Mrs. Williams and 
Mrs. Kirkbride each receiving that number of votes. But 
the fact that they ran thirteen votes ahead of the man on the 
Democratic ticket was somewhat consoling. The Republi- 
can candidates polled no, 105 and 105 votes respectively. 

Late in the afternoon of election day a man prominent in 
division politics sent an urgent request to the chairman of 
the committee to call upon him at once. This she did not 



68 AnnaIvS of thk American Academy. 

do. Possibly had slie done so, and had the women's party 
not been the party of reform, something might have been 
done even at that late hour to have changed the results. 

Of the judge and inspectors of election two were men 
notoriously unfit for their office. Had it seemed best to push 
the matter something might have been done to remove at 
least one of them. The third man was an intelligent, re- 
spectable and honest young man, and his presence and par- 
ticipation in the counting of the votes made it as certain as 
it can ever be in such cases that the ballots cast for the 
women in the first division were counted for them. 

There are two chief reasons which the committee from 
the Settlement believe to be responsible for the meagerness 
of the direct results. First, the colored people are largely in 
the majority in this division. They are naturally strong 
Republicans and suspicious of anything Democratic. The 
women would undoubtedly have stood , a better chance had 
their names appeared only on the ticket of the Municipal 
League. Secondly, it is much easier to vote the straight 
ticket by marking in the circle than to cross each separate 
name. This must be a great temptation to the illiterate and 
to the lazy. Were there a change in the methods used at 
present which should require all names to be marked the 
independent or reform candidate would stand a better 
chance. 

Although disappointed in the material results, the educa- 
tional effects of the canvass, the interest aroused in the 
candidacy of women, and the belief awakened that their 
presence on the school board will result in practical reforms 
in the public schools of the city, was seed sown which will 
bear fruit in the next campaign of the Civic Club. 

Katharine Bement Davis, 

Chairman, 

The College Settlement, 

6j7 St. Mary Street. 



CAlvL OF MEETING FOR ORGANIZATION. 

The following call was issued January 24, summoning a 
meeting of the members of the Civic Club in the Seventh 
Ward and other interested women, to form a ward organiza- 
tion: 

SpKCIAI, MEKI^ING 01^ THEJ JOINT COMMITTEE 
OE THE 

Departments of Education and Municipal Government of the Civic 

Club 

ON 

WOMEN ON SCHOOL BOARDS. 



Your attendance is especially and particularly requested at the Col- 
lege of Physicians on Tuesday morning, January 29, at eleven o'clock, 
at a meeting to be held by the members of the Civic Club resident in 
the Seventh Ward, and others interested in the improvement of our 
schools, for the purpose of organizing a campaign committee to urge, 
by a personal canvass through the ward, a conscience vote for Mrs. 
S. W. R. Williams and Mrs. Eliza B. Kirkbride as school directors. 

As the attendance at this meeting will be accepted as a gauge of the 
interest taken by you in this movement, your absence will be consid- 
ered a serious loss to the cause. 

Seventeen women from nine wards expressed themselves through 
the Civic Club as willing to serve on the school boards. 

Their names were sent to the Democratic and Republican leaders 
and to the Municipal League. In the Seventh Ward the Municipal 
League nominated Mrs. Sophia W. R. Williams and Mrs. Eliza B. 
Kirkbride for school directors, and later they were endorsed by the 
Democratic party. 

It has been proposed to appoint a committee, in each of the twenty- 
six divisions of the v/ard, to canvass carefully the ward and to secure 
the largest possible non-partisan vote for these women. 

It is not intended to oppose any other candidates nor share the can- 
Tass of any political party. 

(69) 



70 Annai^ of thk American Acadkmy. 

The election of Mrs. Sophia W. R. Williams and Mrs. Eliza B. 
Kirkbride is asked solely because it is best for the schools of the 
section. But more important than their election is the beginning of 
the ward organization of women to work for the right, and to develop 
higher standards of municipal action. 

Mary B. Mdmford, 

Chairman of Joint Committee. 

Edith Wetherili<, 

Secretary of Joint Committee. 



PLAN OF CAMPAIGN MADE BY THE EMERGENCY 

COMMITTEE 

TO THB JOINT MEKTING OP THE KDUCATIONAI, AND MUNICI- 
PAIv DKPARTMKNTS OF THK CIvUB, AT THK COI,I,E;G:e 
OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGKONS, ON TUES- 
DAY MORNING, JANUARY 29, 1 895. 

Mrs. President and Ladies of the Committee: — In a general 
way, what is proposed is to reach every woman in the 
Seventh Ward by house to house visits, in which the women 
of the house will be see7i and their assistance asked in 
the effort to poll a conscience vote for the two women who 
have been nominated candidates for school directors, not for 
any party, but in the interests of better schools. 

The first thing which must be remembered is the boundary 
of the Seventh Ward, which extends from the west side of 
Seventh Street to the Schuylkill, and from the south side of 
Spruce Street to the north side of South Street. 

From now on make it a point to ask every man you 
know living within these boundaries to vote for the two 
women for school directors, and ask every other woman to 
ask the same of every man she knows. 

This ward at the next election chooses four school direc- 
tors. The ticket presented to the voters will have on it 
three candidates named by the Republicans and three by the 
Municipal League and the Democrats. The three named by 
the Municipal League and the Democrats are two of them 
the women who were named by the Civic Club — Mrs. Kirk- 
bride and myself. As the ward is a strong Republican 
ward, and we are seeking to make a non-partisan canvass, 
it is important that in asking for votes, Mrs. Kirkbride and 
myself should be spoken of as on the ticket of the Munici- 
pal League, rather than on the Democratic ticket, though 

(71) 



72 AnnaIvS of the; American Acadkmy. 

as a matter of fact we appear on both. I have asked Mrs. 
Kirkbride to speak of the arguments which are to be urged 
in order to persuade women and particularly the mothers of 
school children, to secure votes for your candidates. 

It is my purpose in what follows to direct your attention 
to the organization by which the work is to be done, 
because except by organization, the strictest obedience and 
the closest attention to detail, it would be idle for us to 
expect to reach 6000 voters in three weeks. As each woman, 
however, who is asked to join in this work, has only to visit 
thirty or forty houses in the next ten days, and make a five 
to ten minutes' visit in each, there is no reason why we 
should not be successful, at least, in letting every voter know 
through some woman that he ought to vote for the two 
women in order to secure better schools. 

The Seventh Ward is divided into twenty-six election 
districts. The boundaries are on the map of the ward, 
which I hold, and I hope each woman here will, after this 
meeting, look at the map and fix in her mind the boundaries 
of the division in which she lives or to which she is assigned. 
These divisions average about 250 voters who live in about 
200 houses. In each divisioxi there has been appointed a 
chairman from the Civic Club, and with her two members 
of the club are associated, residing in the division, as far 
as possible, but always in the ward. These three constitute 
the division committee, and to them are to be added other 
women to work on the committees, and to come to the meet- 
ings of the ' ' general committee, ' * composed of all the 
division committee women from the ward and from outside 
the ward, who are as much interested in securing good 
schools as any member of the Civic Club. 

The Civic Club has appointed a campaign committee, 
consisting of Mrs. J. Lewis Parks, Mrs. N. Dubois Miller, 
Mrs. Kirkbride and myself, with Miss Edith Wetherill, the 
secretary of the Municipal Department, as secretary. The 
Civic Club holds this committee responsible for the ward, 



PivAN OF Campaign. 73 

and this committee holds each chairman responsible for her 
division, and each chairman must divide up her division 
between the members of her committee, keeping a portion 
for herself and holding each member responsible for her 
share. 

If the work is properly done at the end of about ten days 
from now, when the chairmen are called together, each will be 
able to make a report, something like this: ^ ' In my division 
there are 258 voters and 237 houses. Of these houses 210 
have been visited and the women seen, and asked to work to 
secure a vote for the two women. In ten houses we have 
been unable to see the women, and in five have been refused 
admittance. In regard to no voters, we have received 
assurances that they will vote for the women candidates, 
twenty voters are doubtful, 103 will vote the regular Repub- 
lican ticket, and there are twenty-five voters in regard to 
which no information was obtained. ' ' This would be a model 
report. I don't think this will be possible in many divisions, 
but ten days from now it ought to be possible to report that 
every house has been visited and each chairman ought to be 
able to make an approximate report as to the canvass. At 
present your division is practically unknown to you. 

It has always seemed to me one of the sad things in city 
life that we are willing to live without coming in civic contact 
"vvith those closest around us, and without trying to help and 
to direct them to get better things in government and in 
streets and in schools. For myself, I will be satisfied if the 
only result of this campaign were to make us all acquainted 
with the divisions in which we live, and lay the foundations 
of a neighborhood feeling in this ward. 

Bach chairman will be given two lists of the voters in her 
division. One of them will be pasted in a little book, with a 
blank opposite each name, and in this blank she must enter 
the information gained, particularly the women who influence 
this vote as wife, sister or mother, whether children are sent 
from the house to the public schools, and the way the man 



74 AnnaIvS of thk American Academy. 

usually votes and will vote this time on school directors. 
This record must be carefully kept and returned to the com- 
mittee at the close of the campaign, as it will be an invaluable 
record for our effort to poll a conscience vote at the next 
election. The other list of voters furnished to each chair- 
man ought to be cut up and divided among the women on 
the committee of that division, for use in their canvass. 

It will be necessary for each chairman to call together 
her committee at once and go over the list of voters together, 
checking off the information any member of the committee 
may already have in regard to any voter. The assessor's 
list of voters gives the occupation and address of each voter, 
also states whether they are boarders or householders. 

In this house to house canvass we must not hesitate to go 
to the big houses because the vote in those houses will gen- 
erally be in our favor, when our object is explained, but is 
cast by men who half the time will not take the trouble to 
vote. We must not hesitate to go to the small houses, 
because this is the vote which we need to gain. 

In a large number of cases the blue book will give the 
names of the women in the house and it will be well to enter 
this opposite the names in the voters' lists. 

Mrs. Kirkbride has explained the general argument and 
Mrs. Mumford the special needs of the schools. I leave it 
to your own tact how this is to be presented to the women 
you see. The important thing is to make it perfectly clear 
that you are asking a vote for Mrs. Eliza B. Kirkbride and 
Mrs. Sophia W. R. Williams for school directors. I^ater you 
will take or send to each woman whom you have seen, a 
specimen ballot and ask her to get her voter to check his 
vote like that. For this purpose it is important to know how 
the voter usually votes, if you can find this out without 
prying. 

After this house to house work has been done for a few 
days, and it must begin at once for we have no time to lose, 
we will begin holding school director teas or parlor meetings, 



Pi,AN OF Campaign. 75 

division by division, at which the women whom you have 
seen will be brought together and addressed by Mrs. Kirk- 
bride and other winning speakers. It will be the duty of 
each chairman to begin at once, preparing for these school 
director teas which will simply be meetings under another 
name, and can be held in private houses, church chapels 
or halls as seems best in each division. 

The Campaign Committee will call together from time to 
time the chairmen of the divisions and this general com- 
mittee of all the women engaged in the work, will be called 
together two weeks from to-day to hear reports from the divi- 
sions. I^et me in closing ask all the chairmen to remain after 
this meeting to receive their division lists and special instruc- 
tions. 

The Campaign Committee will meet every day at half past 
ten o'clock at Mrs. Kirkbride's, 1406 Spruce street, and will 
be glad to see there every chairman of committees and other 
division workers, in order to give information and instruc- 
tion. 

Sophia WK1.1.S Royck Wii^liams. 



INSTRUCTIONS TO CHAIRMEN OF DIVISION 
CAMPAIGN COMMITTEES. 

The Special Campaign Committee meets daily at 1406 Spruce street, 
at 10.30 a. m., to meet chairmen of division committees and their 
workers. 

Circulass and other literature for distribution may be found at 1406 
Spruce street. 

Suggestions to Chairmen. 

Call your committees together at once ; also your outside workers. 

Define clearly to all your workers the boundaries of your division. 

Go over the assessor's list of your division with your workers, and 
note carefully any items of personal knowledge likely to be useful in 
the campaign. 

Divide the houses to be visited among the workers, and hold each 
responsible for her share. 

Two workers can probably best visit together. 

Use oe the Division Book. 

1. Note the name of the woman most likely to influence a vote, and 
her relationship to the voter. 

2. Note each family with children at the public schools. 

3. Note the ticket usually voted by each man. 

Take special care of the books and return to 1406 Spruce street, at 
the end of the campaign. 

MoDEi, Report aeter Ten Days' Work. 

In my division, the , there are 258 voters and 237 houses ; 210 

houses visited, women seen and asked to secure votes ; at ten houses 
unable to see women, or admittance refused. From no voters assur- 
ances received of votes for women school directors ; 20 voters doubt- 
ful ; 103 will vote regular Republican ticket ; of 25 voters, no 
information. 



(76) 



CIVIC CLUB. 



DIRECTIONS TO DIVISION WORKERS, SEVENTH WARD. 

1. Remember, your first object is to persuade the women whom you 
see to influence a voter to mark with, a cross the names of Mrs. Sophia 
W. R. Williams and Mrs. Bliza B. Kirkbride, or if you can, instead,. 
see the voter directly, so much the better. 

2. Be sure that whoever you talk to understands distinctly that you 
are asking for votes for the two women nominated for school directors 
in the Seventh Ward, whose names will appear on the ticket under 
the heading ** Municipal League " or "Democratic." 

3. In the course of the conversation be sure to ask the number of 
the house, and whether the person or persons entered in your asses- 
sor's list as living there live in the house or live somewhere else, and 
if so, where they live, if known. Also, whether they vote the Demo- 
cratic or Republican ticket. If Democratic, your task is easy, as they 
will vote for the ticket anyway, but be sure to ask them to be certain 
to vote for the two women and not to strike out their names. The 
reason why you want to find out whether a voter is Democratic or 
Republican is because a different specimen ballot will have to be sent 
to the Republican from that sent to the Democratic voter. 

4. Find also at each house if there are any children attending the 
public schools, and ask if the mothers have any suggestions to make 
for improvement in the treatment of the children, or complaint as to 
present treatment, as the two women, if elected, intended to be guided 
by the opinions of the mothers of the ward in these matters. 

5. Make prompt and careful notes of all you learn of each name 
each time, and not once trust to memory, as these records will be most 
important for the future use of the Civic Club. 

6. In case any voter is not living at the number given in the list fur- 
nished you, ask if he is living at the adjoining house, and if not, make 
a separate list of all such names, which are, of course, fraudulent 
Mark plainly with the ward divisions, sign your name to it, and send 
at once to to the chairman of your division. 

7. Again, remember, your first object is to persuade the women 
whom you see to influence a voter to mark with a cross the names of 
Mrs. Sophia W. R. Williams and Mrs. Eliza B. Kirkbride, or if you 
can, instead, see the voter directly, so much the better. 

(77) 



ADDRESS TO THE WOMEN OF THE WARD, 

*' Neighbors and Friends." 

The following address to the women of the Seventh Ward 
was circulated broad-cast through the ward, and left at every 
house, as well as printed on a one sheet poster and billed 
through the ward two days before election. 

CIVIC CLUB. 

To Our Neighbors and Friends, the Women of the Seventh Ward : 

We feel sure of your sympathy when we appeal to you to do all that 
you can to secure the election to your school board of two women who 
have been nominated to that office in the Seventh Section. Every 
school board should have women upon it for these reasons : 

First. They represent the mothers, who know best how to deal with 
the needs of children. 

Second. They can understand and assist the teachers, nearly all of 
whom are women. 

Third. They will, as far as they possibly can, remove the schools 
from the influence of politics. 

Fourth. They have no ambitions to serve, but offer themselves for 
the simple good of the children and the community. 

The Civic Club looks confidently to you to help in this matter. 



Ask -voters to -vote for Itettcr scliools in tlie ward yyy malclng across 
against tlie name of each of tlie two 'Mromen for school directors} 
SOPHIA AV. R. 'WIL.IilAMS and ELIZA B. KIRKBRIDE. 



(78) 



MID-CANVASS REPORT MADE BY THE 
EMERGENCY COMMITTEE 

TO THK JOINT MKEJTING OF THK EDUCATION AI, AND MUNI- 

CIPAI, DEPARTMENTS OP THE CIVIC CI.UB, AT THE 

COI.I.EGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, ON 

TUESDAY MORNING, FEBRUARY 12, 1 895. 

The object of the work, which has been thus far done, has 
been the persuasion of voters, information as to the character 
of the vote, and self-education as to the workers. 

Whatever else has been done, whatever has succeeded or 
failed, I feel certain the workers themselves have gotten much 
self- education out of it all. 

The machine makes every effort in the last week to clinch 
the work already done, and so successfully does it do this, 
that the night before an election of any importance, out of 
130,000 votes in the whole citj^, they will be able to predict 
with absolute certainty 129,000 of these votes. Keeping 
this in mind, if we would succeed, there is still much work 
to be done, particularly in the distribution of specimen bal- 
lots, in using the notes, in writing letters, seeing doubtful 
people, seeing the women who have promised to induce 
their husbands to vote and finding out if they have suc- 
ceeded. 

Lastly, this work is not done for this election. It has been 
done to produce a permanent personal influence for good in 
the ward. Each of the chairmen who lives in the division 
where she has worked and the others, as far as possible, 
ought to do everything they can in this last week, to estab- 
lish personal relations, in order to make it natural and easy 
one year from now, to do the same work over again, to make 
this effort for some other candidate who will be more suc- 
cessful than I fear Mrs. Kirkbride and I can expect to be, 

(79) 



8o Annai^ of the American Academy. 

beginning in a ward with 4000 majority against us and with 
no organization. 

During the last week I have been brought in contact with 
a good many politicians, who all say that with persistent 
effort of this kind we could take the schools out of politics 
in from three to five years. 

I want to say one thing more, too much care cannot be ex- 
ercised by the visitors in using names, no name on the ticket 
beyond that of the two women candidates must be referred 
to or talked about in their visits. We hear Mr. Shedaker 
has been very much offended by hearing that one of the 
visitors said he could not read or write. This, of course, was 
a mistake, as we all know that he is a most excellent member 
of the school board of the Seventh Ward, but this shows the 
necessity of care. 

The badges which the chairmen will receive at the end of 
this meeting, were kindly presented by Mrs. Willis K. Mar- 
tin, to whom our thanks are due. We hope the chairman 
will be able to induce a great many women to wear them 
until after the election. 

Will the chairmen please remain after the meeting to re- 
ceive ballots, maps and badges for distribution in their several 
divisions. 

Sophia WeivI^ Royce Wii.i<iams. 



APPENDIX. 

In addition to the "posters" and ** flies" already noted, containing 
the Civic Club address to the women of the ward, the following 
documents were issued : 

About 10,000 copies of the following extract from the Philadelphia 
Press were circulated: 

UNH^AI^THY SCHOOI^HOUSES. 

The Philadelphia city government has a good many reports which are depressing 
reading to the lover of his kind, but w^e doubt if there is any one of them more 
depressing than a file of the reports of Dr. J. Howard Taylor, medical inspector 
to the Board of Health, of which the last was made last week. 

Taking these reports for ten years back, and both the condition of the schools 
and the time it takes to cure their evils become plain. From three to five years 
are needed to mend a leaking latrine in a schoolhouse which in a private dwelling 
would be attended to in a week. For seven years, since 18S8, in the Seventh 
Ward, at Nineteenth and Addison, the defective grade in the boys' yard has been 
reported upon. Seven times the sectional board has been told yearly that after a 
rain the water stands in this yard several inches deep, and in 1895 the defect 
remains as in 1887. 

The reports which Dr. Taylor has made have had some eflfect, and the reforms 
he urges ought to be adopted. By ten years of effort the water closets have nearly 
all been changed. Now the ventilation needs to be improved. Children slightly 
ill ought to be promptly examined to learn if they have contagious diseases. The 
prescribed term of exclusion after a pupil has had any such illness ought to be 
rigidly enforced. Children ought not to be sent to inquire after their absent 
playmates. The children's wraps and winter garments ought not to be hung up 
in closets together, making infection easy. 

These reforms are easy and cheap, but they involve a sedulous supervision of 
the schools which men on the sectional school boards never have given and never 
•will. Dr. Taylor's reports constitute the strongest possible argument for the 
election of the women nominated for school directors in the Seventh, Fifteenth 
and Twenty-fourth Wards. The Civic Club ought to continue its efforts to place 
women on the sectional school boards until they are present on them in every 
ward in the city. 



Aflk voters to vote for better schools In the Seventh Ward hy mail- 
ing a cross against the name of each of the tivo TTOmen for School 
Directors; 

SOPHIA W. R. WIIililAMS 
and ElilZA B. KIRKBRIDE:. 



(81) 



APPEAL TO VOTERS. 

On the eve of election the following appeal was printed on a slip of 
heavy paper with broad margins, on which a personal note could be 
written and 500 copies were sent, accompanied by a personal appeal to 
acquaintances and friends in the ward : 

Be sure to vote on Tuesday, February ig, and when you vote, 
tinder school directors, cross the names of 

Sophia W. R. Wii^liams 

AND 
Bl/IZA B. KiRKBRIDK, 

who are under the Municipal League and Democratic caption in the 
Seventh Ward, 



(82) 



INSTRUCTIONS TO ELECTION OFFICERS. 

The "Baker Ballot Law" in Pennsylvania (Act of June lo, 1893), 
permits voters to mark with a cross the circle opposite the party- 
name, thus voting for all the candidates of the party or by marking 
with a cross opposite the name of each candidate individually to vote 
for each separately. This raised the possibility that Republican voters 
would mark the circle opposite the name of their party and place a 
cross opposite the names of the women candidates, raising a question 
as to which cross decided their vote. In view of this contingency 
this statement of law was sent to every election oflScer in the ward, 
summarizing the judicial interpretation of the twenty-seventh section 
of the Act. 



SEVENTH WARD 

Woman's Campaign Commitxe:^, 

Civic Ci^ub. 



Phii^adkIvPHIA, February 18, 1895. 

The following statement of law is sent to every election officer in the 
Seventh Ward upon the advice of counsel : — 

HOAV TO COUNT THE VOTE. 

Judge Finletter in Philadelphia, Judge Schuyler in Northampton 
County and Judge Sittser in Sullivan County, have decided, that 
where a vote is cast for all the names in a party column by making a 
cross at the head of the column, and in addition the voter makes a cross 
opposite the name of a candidate for one of the same offices, in another 
column, this latter vote is to be counted, and not the name for the 
same office in party column. 

Therefore, if a voter marks the individual names of Mrs. Williams 
and Mrs. Kirkbride for school directors in any column, the votes thus 
cast for them must be counted, and not the names of other candidates 
for the same office in the column which has a cross at the top. 

An election officer who does not heed this notice cannot claim that 
he is ignorant of the law. 

M. C. WiSTER, 
Chairman Woman'' s Campaign Comviittee. 

(83) 



CAMPAIGN BADGE. 

The following was printed in red on ribbon and 500 worn in work 
in the ward. A like caption was placed on a banner displayed elec- 
tion day at every polling place. 

WOMEN WANT 

WOMEN 

ON 

SCHOOL BOARDS 

TO care; for 

THEIR CHILDREN. 



(84) 



CIVIC CLUB. 

Seventh Ward, 
schooiv director campaign. 

January and February^ i^95- 
DIVISION CHAIRMEN AND ASSISTANTS. 

First Division. 

Miss Katharine B. Davis, Chairman^ Miss Mary B. Heath, 
College Settlement. College Settlement. 

Miss Mary B. IvIppincott, Miss Emma I. Bettes, 
College Settlement. College Settlement. 

Miss Frances M. Tyler, Mr. lyUCiAN Berry, 

College Settlement. Seventh and Carver Streets. 

Second Division. 

Mrs. J. IvEwis Parks, Chairman, Mrs. Charles W. Nolen, 

717 Pine Street. 714 Pine Street. 

Miss Elizabeth Morris, 
718 Pine Street. 

Third Division. 

Mrs. William Krause, Chairman, Mrs. Panzerbieler, 

903 Clinton Street. 708 Washington Square. 

Miss Anna J. Morris, Miss lyOuiSE Betts Edwards, 
318 South Tenth Street. 625 Spruce Street. 

Fourth Division. 

Mrs. J. Norman Jackson, Chairman, Mrs. Edward R. Fell, 
1009 Pine Street. 1030 Spruce Street. 

Mrs. T. Morris Knight, 
1030 Spruce Street. 

Fifth Division. 
The visiting was done by a paid worker. 

Sixth Division. 

Mrs. Clifford Lewis, Chairman, Miss Charlotte W. Hare, 

313 South Twelfth Street. 1013 Clinton Street. 

Mrs. How^ard Wood, Miss Mary H. Wilson, 

1016 Soruce Street. 1106 Spruce Street. 

Miss Helen B. Wood, Miss Julia Winslow Dickbrson, 

1016 Spruce Street. "The Gladstone." 

Miss Alice Prime, Miss M. de Benneville, 

1008 Spruce Street. 1716 Pine Street. 

(85) 



86 Annai^ of the American Academy. 

Seventh Division. 

Mrs. Richard Stockton Hunter, Miss Marie IvAnsdale, 

Chairman^ 1413 I/jcust Street. 921 Clinton Street. 

Mrs. Samuel Lowrie, Miss Alice Cushman, 

1827 Pine Street. 1340 Walnut Street. 

Mrs. J. Cheston Morris, Mrs. Walter Cope, 

1514 Spruce Street. Chestnut Hill. 

Mrs. Samuel Dickson, Miss Maria Blanchard, 

901 Clinton Street. 1511 Walnut Street. 

Eighth Division. 

Mrs. N. Dubois Miller, Chairman, Mrs. Chancellor C. English, 

1230 Spruce Street. 1527 Spruce Street. 

Mrs. lyAURA Sylvester, Miss Edith Wetherill, 

39 South Nineteenth Street. Chalkley Hall. 

Mrs. Wm. M. Salter, 
1415 Walnut Street. 

Ninth Division, 

Miss Phebe a. Hough, Chairman, Mrs. David I^ightner Witkbk, 

1340 Spruce Street. 1314 Spruce Street. 

Miss MaryC. Coxe, Mrs. John Van Kirk, 

1302 Pine Street. 1333 Pine Street. 

Miss Elizabeth W. Moseley, 
1333 Pine Street. 

Tenth Division. 

Miss Mary C. Coxe, Chairman, Miss Beulah H. Jenks, 

1302 Pine Street. 2004 Arch Street. 

Miss Anna F. Randolph, 
2002 Arch Street. 

Eleve?ith Division. 

Mrs. Edward Wetherill, Chairman, Miss Edith Howard Cooks, 
Chalkley Hall. 1700 Pine Street. 

Madame E. Nicholai, 
331 South Broad Street. 

Twelfth Division. 

This division had no chairman. The work was done by : 
Mrs. George Rexamer, Miss I^ouise Betts Edwards, 

329 South Sixteenth Street. 625 Spruce Street. 

Miss Elizabeth IvEighton I<ee, Miss Elizabeth S. IvOwry, 

1532 Pine Street. 422 South Broad Street. 

Thirteenth Division. 

Mrs. Nathan F. Mosselle, Chairman, Miss Ettie Clemens, 

1432 L,orabard Street. . 620 South Broad Street. 

Miss Julia F. Jones, Mrs. Ella McGruder, 

1524 I^ombard Street. 512 South Fifteenth Street. 

Miss Anna Jones, 
1524 lyombard Street. 



Division Chairmkn and Assistants. 87 

Fourteenth Division 

Mrs. Frederick C. Sheppard, Mrs. Will S. Robinson, 

Chairman, 1418 Spruce Street. 1301 Spruce Street. 

Miss P. Butler, Mrs. Philip Brice, 

West Chester. I537 Pine Street. 

Mrs. John Marshall, Madame E). Nicholai, 

1409 Spruce Street. 331 South Broad Street. 

Fifteenth Division. 

Miss Klla I/. LuNDY, Chairman, Miss Mary Blakiston, 

245 South Eighteenth Street 2042 Chestnut Street. 

Mrs. Thomas C. Musgrove, Miss Henrietta W. Sanders, 

S. TS,. cor. Twentieth and Spruce. 1225 I^ocust Street. 

Mrs. Robert Frazer, 
333 South Eighteenth Street. 

Sixteenth Division. 

Mrs. S. H. Chatjvenet, Chairman, Mrs. Joseph C. Fralet, 
1833 Del^ancey Place. 1833 Pine Street. 

Mrs. Andrew A. Blair, Miss Susie Cowdery, 

1802 Del^ancey Place. 1708 Delyancey Place. 

Seventeenth Division. 

Miss Marian T. Macintosh, Chairman, Miss Winifred H. Macintosh, 
2021 Del^ancey Place. 2021 Delyancey Place. 

Miss Mabel D. Macintosh, 
2021 Del^ancey Place. 

Eighteenth Division. 

Miss Elizabeth A. Jolliffe, Mrs. Charles Richardson, 

Chairman, " The Aldine." 1307 Spruce Street. 

Mrs. Henry G. Morris, Miss Helen Erben, 

218 South Tenth Street. ''The Aldine." 

Mrs. S. Hewson Bradford, Miss Bella Semple, 

125 South Eighteenth Street. "The Aldine." 

Mrs. Charles Perkins, Miss Josephine Lewis, 

2008 Chestnut Street. " The Rittenhouse." 

Miss Clementine Cope, 
121 South Nineteenth Street. 

Nineteenth Division. 

Mrs. Charles N. Thorpe, Chairman, Mrs. M. F. Bonzano, 

1729 Pine Street. 331 South Eighteenth Street. 

Miss A. E. Hills, Miss Thompson, 

1808 Spruce Street. 1811 Pine Street. 

Twentieth Division. 

Mrs. Joseph N. Blanchard, Chairman, Mrs. Gilpin Robinson, 

2208 Walnut Street. 235 South Twenty-first Street. 

Mrs. IvEicester Addis, Mrs. Kirk B. Wells, 

316 South Twenty-first Street. 2133 Walnut Street. 



88 Annals of thk American Academy. 

Mrs. and Miss Crenshaw, Miss Newton, 

2033 Del^ancey Place. 2133 Walnut Street. 

Mrs. Frank Field, Mrs. Travis Cochran, 

216 South Twentieth Street. 131 South Twenty-second Street. 

Miss Martha Thomas, 
3607 Chestnut Street. 

Twenty-first Division. 

Mrs. Wm. H. Ingham, Chairman, Mrs. Wm. Poultney Smith, 

2134 Pine Street. 405 South Twenty-second Street. 

Mrs. Charles B. McMichael, Mrs. Silas W. Pettit, 

2110 Pine Street. 2205 Trinity Place. 

Mrs. J. Parker Norris, Mrs. George R. Howell, 

2122 Pine Street. 2128 Pine Street. 

Mrs. lyOuis Dreka, 
2108 Pine Street. 

Twenty-second Division. 

Mrs. I^iNCOLN ly. :Eyre, Chairman, Miss Esther Starr, 

2302 Delyancey Place. 2203 Trinity Place. 

Mrs. Bradbury Bedell, Miss Emily K. Smith, 

loi South Twenty-second Street. 231 1 Del^ancey Place. 

Twenty-third Division. 

Mrs. Isaac Starr, Chairman, Mrs. Kingston G. Whelbn, 

2203 Trinity Place. 2322 Trinity Place. 

Mrs. L,incoln I,. Eyre, Mrs. R. W. Meirs, 

2302 Del^ancey Place. 1405 I,ocust Street. 

Mrs. Wm. W. Curtin, Miss Esther H,. Starr, 

2215 Trinity Place. 2203 Trinity Place. 

Mrs, V. C. Whelen, 
2227 Trinity Place. 

Twenty-fourth Division. 

Mrs. Stewart Culin, Chairman^ Miss I,ouise Betts EdwardS, 

105 South Twenty-second Street. 625 Spruce Street. 

Twenty-fifth Division. 

Miss Frances Cornish, Chairman, Mrs. E- Clinton Rhoads, 

1628 Chestnut Street. Oak Lane. 

Miss Susan Carson, Mrs. E- C. Hive, 

21 19 Sansom Street. 1927 Girard Avenue. 

Miss Sutherland, Miss E. Mann, 

2122 Delvancey Place. 236 W. I,ogan Square, 

Mrs. Geo. Zeigler, 
1001 South Forty-seventh Street. 

Twenty-sixth Division. 

Mrs. Geo. M. Gould, Chairman, Mrs. James G. Leiper, 

X19 South Seventeenth Street. 1602 Master Street. 



..w 



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HOITiaiHOH^ 



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aXTASI 



i. 





FOR A STRAIGHT TICKET 

o 

MARK WITHIN THE CIRCLE 


i 




REPUBLICAN 






MAYOR 

(Mark 1) 






<^ 1» F. Warwick 








RECEIVER OF TAXES 

(Mark 1) 






Wniinm .T. Roney 








MAGISTRATES 

(Mark 12) 1 






l"r;(nk S. Harrison 








Tliuuiaa W. C^lnningliam 








Hnniplon S. Tiiomas 








Robert Gillespie 








William 8. Kochersperger 








Ambrose P. Fultinger 








Frank H. Smith 








James F. Neall 








James E. Komig 








J. Murray Rush Jermon 








George W. Evans 








Tliomas W. South 








COMMON COUNCIL 1 

(Mark 4) 1 






(;har1es Seger 








JotiD S. Hammond 








Andrew F. Stevens, Jr 








Christopher J. Perry 








SCHOOL DIRECTORS 1 

(Mark SI 1 






Stricklana K. Shedaker 








lA'wis K. Esrey * 








IC. Clarence Howard 








CONSTABLE j 

(Mark 1) 1 






Samuel G. Maloney 


_| 













the names of Sophia W. B. wi^^Z ^ZB^iXir^' " "^ *"' MUmciPAL LEAGUE column at the right of 

^^t^Tur/rLtrofi^pMiw'^^r n.?^^ r^*''^ ^^-^^ °^^'^- ^^-^^^^^^ '-->>- ->^ -^^^o 

-1 I — -^ I "^^°P^^^^;_^- -^- Williams and Elizj. B. Kirkbride, for School Director. 



FOR A STRAIGHT TICKET 



o 



MARK WITHIN THE CIRCLE 



FOR A STRAIGHT TICKET 



o 



MARK WITHIN THE CIRCLE 



DEIViOCRATIC 



Robert E. Pallis 



RECEIVER OF TAXES 



(Mark 1) 



Sylvester fionnaffbn, Jr. 



MAGISTRATES 



Wiiliain Eisenbrown 



Cornelias M, Smith 



COMMON COT7N0IL 

(Mark 4) 



David Jayne Bullock 



James J. Devlin 



SCHOOL DIRECTORS 

(Mark 3) 



6ophi> W. R. Willii 



EUia B. ffirkbride 



Edwin Jaqnett Sellers 



CONSTABLE 

(Mark 1) 



Edward Msgan 



PROHIBITION 



MATOR 

(Mark I) 



RECEIVER OF TAXES 

(Martc 1) 



Geoi;ge W. Bean 



MAGISTRATES 

(Mark 12) 



George W. Dickenon 



George H. Qoeble 



William I. Moore 



Lewis A. EavensoD 



FOR A STRAIGHT TICKET 



o 



MARK WITHIN THE CIRCLE 



PEOPLES 



MAGISTRATES 

(Mark 12) . 



Marvell H. Davis 



De Witt C. Davis 



Edward Furlong 



Henry Myere 



FOR A STRAIGHT TICKET 



o 



MARK WITHIN THE CIRCLE 



CITIZENS 



Charles F. Warwick 



RECEIVER OF TAXES 



William J, Roney 



MAGISTRATES 

(Mark 12) 



Frank 8. Harrison 



Thomas W. (^nninghai 



Tatnpton S. Thomas 



Robert Gillespie 



' JTWram ^ Stidiwapw ^i 



Ambrose P. Pollinger 



Frank H. Smith 



James E, Romig 



J. Murray Rush Jermon 



George W. Effana 



Thomas W. South 



FOR A STRAIGHT TICKET 



o 



MARK WITHIN THE CIRCLE 



INDEPENDENT CITIZENS 



MAGISTRATES 

(Mark 12) 



Thomas P. Kane 



FOR A STRAIGHT TICKET 



o 



MARK WITHIN THE CIRCLE 

MUNICIPAL LEAGUE 



COMMON COUNCIL 

(Mark 4) 



Ruseell Duane 



David J. Bullock 



Samuel W. Anderaon 



SCHOOL DIRECTORS 

(Mark S) 



Edwin Jaquett Sellera 



Sophie W. R. William. 



The voter may Insert in the 
column below, the name ol 
any perwn whose name Is not 
printed on the ballot lor whom 
he desires to vote. 




MAGISTRATES 

(Insert 12) 



COMMON COUNCIL 

(Inaert 4) 



SCHOOL DIRECTORS 



CONSTABLE 

(Insert I) 



THE CIVIC CI.UB. 



Chairmen of thk Twenty-six Divisions oe the Seventh Ward 

FOR Campaign Work for February, 1895, Schooi, 

Board Bisections. 



ist Division 

2d Division 

3d Division 

4th D 

5tliD 

6th D 

7th D 

8th D 

9th D 
loth D 
11th D 
izthD 
13th D 
14th D 
15th D 
16th D 
17th D 
1 8th D 
19th D 
20th D 
2ist D 
22d Division 
23d Division 
24th Division 
25th Division 
26th Division 



vision . 
vision, 
vision . 
vision . 
vision . 
vision . 
vision . 
vision . 
vision, 
vision . 
vision . 
vision . 
vision . 
vision . 
vision . 
vision . 
vision . 
vision . 



Miss Katharine B, Davis . . . 617 St. Mary Street. 

, Mrs. J. lyEWis Parks 717 Pine Street, 

, Mrs. William Krause 903 Clinton Street. 

Mrs. J. Norman Jackson .... 1009 Pine Street. 

Mrs. Clifford I^ewis 313 South Twelfth Street. 

, Mrs. R. Stockton Hunter . . . 1413 I^ocust Street. 

Mrs. N. Dubois Miller 1230 Spruce Street. 

, Miss Phebe a. Hough 1340 Spruce Street. 

Miss Mary C. Coxe 1302 Pine Street. 

Mrs. Edward Wetherill . . . Chalkley Hall. 

Mrs. Nathan F. Mosselle . . . 1432 I,ombard Street. 
Mrs. Frederick C. Sheppard . 1418 Spruce Street. 

Miss Ella Iv. I,undy 245 South Eighteenth Street. 

Mrs. S H. Chauvenet 1833 Del,ancey Place. 

Miss Marian T. Macintosh . . 2021 Del,ancey Place. 
Miss Elizabeth A. Jolliffe . . Aldine Hotel. 
Mrs. Charles N. Thorpe .... 1729 Pine Street. 
Mrs. Joseph N, Blanchard . . 2208 Walnut Street. 
Mrs. William H. Ingham . . . 2134 Pine Street. 

Mrs. IviNCOLN ly. Eyre 2302 DeLancey Place. 

Mrs. Isaac Starr 2203 Trinity Place. 

Mrs. Stewart Culin 105 South Twenty-second Street. 

Miss Frances Cornish 1628 Chestnut Street. 

Mrs. George M. Gould 119 South Seventeenth Street. 



(89) 



THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF POLITICAI, AND 
SOCIAI, SCIENCE. 

The American Academy of Political and Social Science 
was formed in Philadelphia, December 14, 1889, for the put- 
pose of promoting the Political and Social Sciences. 

While it does not exclude any portion of the field indi- 
cated in its title, yet its chief object is the development of 
those aspects of the Political and Social Sciences which are 
either entirely omitted from the programmes of other 
societies, or which do not at present receive the attention 
they deserve. 

Among such subjects may be mentioned : Sociology, 
Comparative Constitutional and Administrative Law, Phi- 
losophy of the State, and such portions of the field of Poli- 
tics, including Finance and Banking, as are not adequately 
cultivated by existing organizations. 

A special effort wiU be made to collect and publish mate- 
rial which will be of use to students, and which does not now 
reach the public in any systematic way, as, for example, the 
texts in English of the Constitutions of leading foreign 
countries ; regular accounts of current instruction in Politi- 
cal and Social topics at home and abroad ; descriptive 
bibliographies, discussions of Municipal Government, etc. 

It will be seen that the Academy thus supplements the 
efforts of existing societies of similar aims, and substantially 
strengthens their work by contributing its share to beget a 
deeper and more widespread interest in the general subject 
of Political and Social Science. 

The plan of the Academy includes regular scientific meet- 
ings for the presentation of papers and communications, 
establishment of a library, and the dissemination of knowl- 
edge on Political and Social topics through its publications 
and by such other means as may seem suitable. 

During the winter, regular scientific meetings have been 
held since the Academy was formed at which the papers 
submitted have been read and discussed. 



To carry on the work of the Academy satisfactorily, large 
funds are necessary. The income of the Academy at present 
is derived from the Annual Membership Fee, which is $5.00; 
the Life Membership Fee, which is $100; and from the con- 
tributions of those who may be willing to assist in its work. 
It is desired to secure the establishment of prizes and fellow- 
ships. 

Anyone may become a member on being approved by the 
Council and paying the Annual or Life Membership Fee. 
Members are entitled to receive the regular publications of 
the Academ}^, submit papers and communications, and to 
attend and take part in all scientific meetings. Life mem- 
bers are exempt from all annual fees. 

The list of members now includes the names of nearly all 
the prominent thinkers and writers on Political, Economic 
and Social topics in the United States and Canada, and many 
in Europe. 

The co-operation of all persons interested in the scientific 
investigation of Political and Social afiairs is earnestly so- 
licited. 

The proceedings of the Academy are published in the 
form of a periodical called the Annates of the^ Amkrican 
Academy of Poi^iticai, and Sociai, Scie:nc:^, which, 
together with such other matter as may be published for 
that purpose, is sent to all members of the Academy free of 
charge. A copy of the current number of the Annai^ will 
be sent to any one for examination. 

Papers and communications which the writers wish to 
submit to the Academy with a view to their being read in a 
Scientific Session and subsequently published in the Pro- 
ceedings, as well as applications for membership, should be 
sent to the following address : 

American Academy of Political and Social Science, 

STATION B, PHII,ADJ^I,PHIA, PA. 

N. B. — Fees and contributions may be remitted by postal 
order on Philadelphia, or by draft on New York, drawn to 
the order of the Treasurer, Mr. Stuart Wood, 400 Chestnut 
Street, Philadelphia. 



To Students of Municipal Questions. 

The Academy has devoted special attention to the discussion of the 
questions arising in the field of municipal government, and has issued 
a number of papers on this subject. 

In addition to the publication of these longer papers, there was 
started in the ANNALS for November, 1894, a series of 

Notes on Municipal Government. 

This series is edited by LEO S. ROWE, Ph. D., who has spent several 
years abroad studying local and municipal government. The purpose 
of these notes is to place before the readers of the ANNALS matters of 
interest which serve to illustrate the municipal activity of the larger 
cities of Europe and America. 

Among the writers who contribute from time to time to these 
" Notes " are Sylvester Baxter, Esq., of the Boston Herald ; Samuel 
B. Capen, President of the Boston Municipal League ; A. L. Crocker, 
Esq., Minneapolis ; Professor John Henry Gray, Chairman of the 
Committee on Municipal Affairs of the Civic Federation of Chicago ; 
James W. Pryor, Esq., Secretary of the City Club of New York; and 
Victor Rosewater, Ph. D., of the Omaha Bee. 

A few of the subjects which have been dwelt upon at some length 
in these " Notes " are the following : The Growth and Development of 
the new County Council Government in London ; Street Cleaning in 
Berlin; The National Conference for Good City Government; 
Changes in the Form of Government Suggested by the Municipal 
League of Boston ; The Mandamus Evil in Philadelphia ; New York 
City Parks ; Review of the Reform Movement in New York City ; 
Civil Service Administration in New York City ; Municipal Activity 
in Philadelphia during the past four years ; Street Railways in Massa- 
chusetts; San Francisco's New Charter; The Berlin Fire Insurance 
Institute ; The Unification of London ; The National Municipal 
League Conference ; Rural Trolley Roads in Pennsylvania ; Changes 
in the System of Municipal Government advocated by the Citizens' 
Association of Chicago ; Assessment and Taxation in Omaha ; Mayor 
Pingree's Annual Message ; Glasgow's Municipal Street Railways. 



The following papers on 



MaDicipal Qaestions 

have been issued by the Academy in its 

Series of Publications. 



The Problems of Municipal Government 

By Edwin L. GODKIN, Esq., Editor of The Nation . . Price, 25 cents. 

State Supervision for Cities. 

By Prof. John R. Commons, Indiana University . . Price, 25 cents. 

Home Rule for Our American Cities, 

By DR. ELLIS P. OBERHOLTZER Price, 25 cents. 

Our Failures in Municipal Government, 

By Gamaliel Bradford, Esq . Price, 15 cents. 

Party Government. 

By Charles Richardson, esq • . • • Price, 25 cents. 

Political Organisation of a Modern Municipality. 

By DR. WM. DRAPER LEWIS Price, 15 cents. 

Study of the Science of Municipal Government. 

By F. p. PRICHARD, ESQ Price, 15 cents. 

Story of a Woman's Municipal Campaign. 

Edited by MRS. TALCOTT WILLIAMS Price, 50 cents. 



Complete List OQ RppliGatioD. 

American Academy of Political and Social Science, 
Station B, Philadelphia. 



The American Academy 



OF^ 



Political and Social Science 

PHII^ADBIyPHIA. 



President, 
EDMUND J. JAMES, Ph. D., University of Pennsylvania. 

Vice-Presidents, 
HENRY C. LEA, Prof. F. H. GIDDINGS, A. M., Prof. WOODROW WII^SON, Ph.D., 
20OO Walnut Street. Columbia College. Princeton University. 

Secretaries. 

Corresponding Sec^y, General Secretary, Recording Secy, 

R. P. FAI,KNER, Ph. D., JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, PH. D., C. R. WOODRUFF, 

Germantown, Phila. 3705 I^ocust Street. 514 Walnut Street. 

Treasurer, Librarian, 

STUART WOOD, JOHN I,. STEWART, 

400 Chestnut Street. Manual Training School. 



GENERAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE. 

DR. C. K. ADAMS, RIGHT REV. JOHN J. KEANE, D. D., 
President of Wisconsin University. Catholic University of America. 

fROF. C. F. BASTABI.E, PROF. BERNARD MOSES, 

Dublin University. University of California. 

PROF. F. W. BIvACKMAR, PROF. J. S. NICHOI.SON, M. A., 
University of Kansas. Edinburgh University. 

]. G. BOURINOT, C.M.G., PH.D., D.C.I<., DR. HENRY WADE ROGERS, 

Ottawa, Canada. President Northwestern University. 

^ROF. J. W. BURGESS, PROF. HENRY SIDGWICK, 
Columbia College. Cambridge University. 

HON. THOMAS M. COOI^EY, PROF. WII,I,IAM SMART, 

Ann Arbor, Mich. Queen Margaret College, Glasgow. 

PROF. R. T. EI/Y, SIMON STERNE, Esq., • 
Wisconsin University. New York City. 

PROF. HENRY W. FARNAM, HON. HANNIS TAYI^OR, 1,1.. D., 
Yale University. Madrid, Spain. 

PROF. W. W. FOI.WELI., PROF. J. B. THAYER, 

University of Minnesota. Harvard I,aw School. 

HON. LYMAN J. GAGE, PROF. F. N. THORPE, 

Chicago, 111. University of Pennsylvania. 

PROF. JOHN K. INGRAM, LL.D., DR. FRANCIS A. WALKER, 

Trinity College, Dublin. Pres. Mass. Institute of Technology. 

PROF. J. W. JENKS, LESTER F. WARD, ESQ., 
Cornell Universttv Washington, D. C. 

DR. WM. PRESTON JOHNSTON, 

President of 'TAslane University. 









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